标点符号似乎每个人都认识,都会用,但在实际写作中我们还是可以经常见到不少误用标点符号的例子。今天我在这里总结一下英文写作中常见的标点符号问题,以供各位参考。
在列举各个标点符号的常见问题之前,这里先说一个经常会被忽略的格式问题(尤其是在手机和电脑上的英文写作):空格。在英语书写格式中,标点符号后面至少要留一个半角空格。比如对于逗号,在逗号后面要留有一个字符长度的空格。比较下面两个句子:
(1)They would have married sooner, but they had to wait for her divorce.
(2)They would have married sooner,but they had to wait for her divorce.
第二个句子不符合英语书写规范,因为逗号后面没有一个字符的空格。事实上,如果你经常使用Word写文章,应该会留意到上面的错误提示:
除了逗号之外,句号、分号以及问号等也要遵守标点符号空格的原则。比如,下面这样的句子也不符合规范:
Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news.Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned.
要改为:
Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news. Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned.
如果你不清楚应该怎么加空格,可以在Word文档上打几行字,观察Word给出的修改建议。
接下来是一些常见的标点符号问题:
1.逗号
在句子并列结构的最后成分前往往会使用连词 and, or, but 等,在这些连词前加不加逗号会对句子意思造成影响,举个例子:
(1) You should buy some pens, red bags and notebooks.
(2) You should buy some pens, red bags, and notebooks.
两个句子的表意有所不同,第二个句子 red 只修饰 bags,但第一个句子 red 可以解读为修饰 bags 以及 notebooks,因此为了避免歧义,要学会正确使用逗号。
还有另外一个例子:
(1) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the library.
(2) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the library.
在非限制性定语从句中逗号会对句子的意思造成影响。这里第一个句子的意思是“所有带插图的图书都被送到了图书馆”,第二个句子的意思是“所有的图书都被送到了图书馆,这些图书都带有插图”。在使用非限制性定语从句时要注意逗号的使用。
英文中两个完整的句子或者两个并列分句之间一般不能用逗号隔开,这一点在平时写作中很多人都能注意到,但当遇到 however,thus 这类词时,有时候很容易犯错。比如:
(1) This is a cheap and simple process, however, there are dangers.
(2) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
第一个句子中当 however 表示转折含义时它是副词,不能当连词用,因此逗号应该改为分号或者句号。即:
This is a cheap and simple process; however, there are dangers. / This is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers.
第二个句子中 thus 是副词,同样不能当连词用,因此句子要改成:
Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. / Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire; thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
此外,在日期写法中的逗号使用也要注意规范。如果日期格式是 month day, year 则中间需要加逗号(例如 April 21, 2017),如果是 day month year 则不需要加逗号(例如 21 April 2017)。值得注意的一点是 month day, year 这种日期写法全世界只有美国一家有,互联网上甚至还有不少文章在讨论为什么美国人会使用这么奇怪的日期格式: