构词是门大学问,我们今天换个角度,不究词源,从用法实例出发,教你三类构词,助你精简句子。
1.
从
「综合构词」
看起。
这类词常由同一意群词汇整合而来,比如「该电动车制造商」可写为 the electric-car maker。综合构词往往在句子中充当定语等成分,以词替句,精简句式。比如:
利润不高、主打大众市场的汽车制造商
如果照字直说,你可能会得写成:
carmakers that are not highly profitable and compete in the mass market
可过,但不佳。借助构词可以救之,先定思路:把长串后置定语整合为构词,变为简短前置定语,精简句式。
可先写为:
not-highly-profitable and competing-in-the-mass-market carmakers
形式即为 ADJ and ADJ carmakers,但这不是通行构词,继续精简:
not-highly-profitable 英文有更通行、精简的说法吗?找出来:low-margin;
competing-in-the-mass-market 呢?首先 compete 可省,因为 carmaker、market 同框,「参与市场竞争」之意已不言自明,于是变为:
in-the-mass-market carmakers
而这一串,留 mass-market 足矣,因为「大众市场」即「在大众市场」,in the 并未添加新含义。于是整词变为:
low-margin and mass-market carmakers
更进一步,and 也是可省的,换为逗号,于是变为:
low-margin, mass-market carmakers
这也是英文的常用套路,比如之前经济学人介绍其时势不可挡的 Uber:
Uber, the near-ubiquitous car-hailing app
当然,不一定只连两个词,还可以更复杂,比如:
Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially vulnerable.
这样的写法,想不到、却很好懂。虽然这构词已经相当跳跃了,但还有更大胆的,经济学人曾有一句,用中文说是这个意思:
终日埋首 iPhone 的千禧一代大军将进入理财的年纪,这一点当然也发挥了作用。
光看中文,你可能想不到人写起句子来胆有多肥,来看英文:
The coming-of-financial-age of the “millennial” generation, which is both large and perennially glued to its iPhones, certainly plays a part.
可谓手起词落。留你赏析。
2.
如果标准再放宽一点,带 over-、under- 这类表达,我们可归为
「词缀构词」
。前缀后缀,可称一大武器,比如我在 Goodreads 看到的这句书评:
Overall, the book is not a waste of time, but it over-promises and under-delivers.
简单有力。还如:「非专家人士」,如果不借助构词,可能就得讲 people who are not experts,但如有构词,则可大为精简:non-experts。如:
complex ideas not easily communicable to non-experts
类似,「化石燃料」是 fossil fuel,那如果要同非化石燃料比对呢?加个前缀即可:
Non-fossil-fuel energy
, chiefly hydro and nuclear, accounts for only 12% of its total energy mix.
如果把 mid- 也算作这类词缀的话,那还能得出一句令人伤心透顶的话:
He was in his mid-twenties, with a receding hairline.
3.
第三类我们可称之为
「临时构词」
,口语中更常见,形式也更灵活,构词形式为:the x-word。