近日，有狗仔拍到脱口秀演员杨笠在豪宅里抽烟引发热议，随后工作室回应：
⚠️理性吃瓜，学习为重。
借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们就来看看吸烟的相关研究。
🤔️小作业：
1. Why does the article mention “perforated filters, tobacco blends, and more porous paper” in relation to smoking?
A) These changes have made cigarettes less harmful over time.
B) They have contributed to an increase in smoking-related diseases.
C) These features have led to a decrease in the risk of lung cancer among smokers.
D) They are part of a strategy to help smokers quit.
无注释原文：
Smoking's Gender Gap Closes
From: The New York Times, Feb 18, 2013
The title of a recent report on smoking and health might well have paraphrased the popular ad campaign for Virginia Slims, introduced in 1968 by Philip Morris and aimed at young professional women: “You've come a long way, baby.”
Today that slogan should include: “. . . toward a shorter life.” Ten years shorter, in fact.
The new report is one of two rather shocking analyses of the hazards of smoking and the benefits of quitting published last month in The New England Journal of Medicine. The data show that “women who smoke like men die like men who smoke,” Dr. Steven A. Schroeder, a professor of health and health care at the University of California, San Francisco, wrote in an accompanying editorial.
That was not always the case. Half a century ago, the risk of death from lung cancer among men who smoked was five times higher than that among women smokers. But by the first decade of this century, that risk had equalized: for both men and women who smoked, the risk of death from lung cancer was 25 times greater than for nonsmokers, Dr. Michael J. Thun of the American Cancer Society and his colleagues reported.
Today, women who smoke are even more likely than men who smoke to die of lung cancer. According to a second study in the same journal, women smokers face a 17.8 times greater risk of dying of lung cancer, than women who do not smoke; men who smoke are at 14.6 times greater risk to die of lung cancer than men who don't. Women who smoke now face a risk of death from lung cancer that is 50 percent higher than the estimates reported in the 1980s, according to Dr. Prabhat Jha of the Center for Global Health Research in Toronto and his colleagues.
After controlling for age, body weight, education level and alcohol use, the new analysis found something else: men and women who continue to smoke die on average more than 10 years sooner than those who never smoked.
Dramatic progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of smoking, which has fallen in the United States from 42 percent of adults in 1965 (the year after the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health) to 19 percent in 2010. Yet smoking still results in nearly 200,000 deaths a year among people 35 to 69 years old in this country. A quarter of all deaths in this age group would not occur if smokers had the same risk of death as nonsmokers.
The risks are even greater among men 55 to 74 and women 60 to 74. More than two-thirds of all deaths among current smokers in these age groups are related to smoking. Over all, the death rate from all causes combined in these age groups “is now at least three times as high among current smokers as among those who have never smoked,” Dr. Thun's team found.
While lung cancer is the most infamous hazard linked to smoking, the habit also raises the risk of death from heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and other cancers, including breast cancer.
Furthermore, changes in how cigarettes are manufactured may have increased the dangers of smoking. The use of perforated filters, tobacco blends that are less irritating, and paper that is more porous made it easier to inhale smoke and encouraged deeper inhalation to achieve satisfying blood levels of nicotine.
The result of deeper inhalation, Dr. Thun's report suggests, has been an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or C.O.P.D., and a shift in the kind of lung cancer linked to smoking. Among nonsmokers, the risk of death from C.O.P.D. has declined by 45 percent in men and has remained stable in women, but the death rate has more than doubled among smokers.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Smoking's Gender Gap Closes
From: The New York Times, Feb 18, 2013
The title of a recent report on smoking and health might well have paraphrased the popular ad campaign for Virginia Slims, introduced in 1968 by Philip Morris and aimed at young professional women: “You've come a long way, baby.”
菲利普·莫里斯（Philip Morris）公司在1968年针对年轻职业女性推出了弗吉尼亚牌女士香烟（Virginia Slims）。该产品有一句广为流行的广告语：“亲爱的，你终于来了。”而近期的一项关于吸烟与健康的研究报告的标题从某种程度上阐释了这一广告语。
paraphrase /ˈpær.ə.freɪz/ 表示“（以幽默或更简短、清晰的方式）意译，解释，改述”，英文解释为“to repeat something written or spoken using different words, often in a humorous form or in a simpler and shorter form that makes the original meaning clearer”
表示“广告宣传活动”，英文解释为“a planned group of actitivies intended to advertise something”
Today that slogan should include: “. . . toward a shorter life.” Ten years shorter, in fact.
今天，这句口号应做出以下补充：“……朝着更短的寿命。”事实上，吸烟者的寿命要比不吸烟者短十年左右。
slogan /ˈsləʊɡən/ 表示“口号；广告语”，英文解释为“A slogan is a short phrase that is easy to remember. Slogans are used in advertisements and by political parties and other organizations who want people to remember what they are saying or selling.”
The new report is one of two rather shocking analyses of the hazards of smoking and the benefits of quitting published last month in The New England Journal of Medicine. The data show that “women who smoke like men die like men who smoke,” Dr. Steven A. Schroeder, a professor of health and health care at the University of California, San Francisco, wrote in an accompanying editorial.
这一新的研究报告是上个月发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》（The New England Journal of Medicine）上的两项分析之一。这两项分析均探讨了吸烟的危害和戒烟的收益，结果相当令人震惊。美国加州大学旧金山分校（University of California, San Francisco）健康和保健（health and health care）教授史蒂文·A·施罗德（Steven A. Schroeder）博士在同期刊出的评论文章中指出，数据显示：“女性如果像男性一样吸烟，她们的死亡情况也会与这些吸烟的男性类似。”
hazard /ˈhæz.əd/ 表示“危险物，危害物”，英文解释为“something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage”如：a health/fire hazard 健康/火灾隐患，举个🌰：The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. 那个繁忙的车辆入口处对行人来说很不安全。
accompanying /əˈkʌm.pə.ni.ɪŋ/ 表示“伴随的，陪伴的；和…一起发生（或存在）的”，英文解释为“appearing or going with someone or something else”举个🌰：Front-page stories broke the news of the star leaving, and accompanying photographs showed her getting on the plane. 报纸头版爆出明星离开的消息，同时配有她登机而去的照片。
editorial /ˌed.ɪˈtɔː.ri.əl/ 表示“社论，社评；（报刊的）由编辑撰写的部分，非广告部分”，英文解释为“an article in a newspaper that expresses the editor's opinion on a subject of particular interest at the present time”
📍在Prada官宣贾玲成为品牌代言人文中提到，“editorial”指的是一篇编辑的文章或摄影作品集，通常出现在时尚杂志或广告宣传中，用来展示品牌或产品。特指普拉达品牌活动中的一系列照片和相关文字内容。
That was not always the case. Half a century ago, the risk of death from lung cancer among men who smoked was five times higher than that among women smokers. But by the first decade of this century, that risk had equalized: for both men and women who smoked, the risk of death from lung cancer was 25 times greater than for nonsmokers, Dr. Michael J. Thun of the American Cancer Society and his colleagues reported.
情况并非始终如此。半个世纪之前，男性吸烟者中的肺癌死亡风险为女性吸烟者的五倍。但美国癌症学会（the American Cancer Society）的迈克尔·J·图恩（Michael J. Thun）博士及其同事的研究报告指出，在本世纪的前十年之内，该风险在两性之间已持平：男性和女性吸烟者的肺癌死亡风险均已达到不吸烟者的 25 倍。
英式 equalise 美式 equalize /ˈiː.kwə.laɪz/ 1）表示“使相等；使均等；使平等”，英文解释为“to make things or people equal”
2）英式，表示“打成平局，扳平比分”，英文解释为“to get the point in a game or competition that makes your score the same as that of the other team or player”举个🌰：Spain managed to equalize in the last minute of the game. 西班牙队在比赛的最后一分钟将比分扳平。
Today, women who smoke are even more likely than men who smoke to die of lung cancer. According to a second study in the same journal, women smokers face a 17.8 times greater risk of dying of lung cancer, than women who do not smoke; men who smoke are at 14.6 times greater risk to die of lung cancer than men who don't. Women who smoke now face a risk of death from lung cancer that is 50 percent higher than the estimates reported in the 1980s, according to Dr. Prabhat Jha of the Center for Global Health Research in Toronto and his colleagues.
如今，女性吸烟者死于肺癌的可能性甚至已经超过了男性吸烟者。根据刊登于同一期杂志上的另一项研究，女性吸烟者死于肺癌的风险达不吸烟女性的 17.8 倍，而男性吸烟者死于肺癌的风险则为不吸烟男性的14.6倍。多伦多全球健康研究中心（Center for Global Health Research）的普拉巴特·杰哈（Prabhat Jha）博士及其同事表示，目前女性吸烟者所面临的肺癌死亡风险已比20世纪80年代所报告的估计值高出50%。
After controlling for age, body weight, education level and alcohol use, the new analysis found something else: men and women who continue to smoke die on average more than 10 years sooner than those who never smoked.
经过对年龄、体重、教育程度和饮酒情况加以控制后，这一新的分析得到了其他的发现：平均而言，持续吸烟的男性和女性的死亡时间要比从不吸烟者提前10年以上。
Dramatic progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of smoking, which has fallen in the United States from 42 percent of adults in 1965 (the year after the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health) to 19 percent in 2010. Yet smoking still results in nearly 200,000 deaths a year among people 35 to 69 years old in this country. A quarter of all deaths in this age group would not occur if smokers had the same risk of death as nonsmokers.
在降低吸烟率方面已经取得了巨大的进展：在美国，吸烟率已从1965年（美国公共卫生部部长[surgeon general]就吸烟与健康发表报告后的第一年）的42%下降到了2010年的19%。然而，在该国的35-69岁人群中，吸烟每年仍导致了近20万例死亡。如果吸烟者与不吸烟者的死亡风险相等，则上述年龄组的所有死亡中将有四分之一可以得到避免。
prevalence /ˈprev.əl.əns/ 表示“流行，盛行；普遍，广泛”，英文解释为“the fact that something is very common or happens often”如：the prevalence of smoking among teenagers 青少年吸烟的普遍性。
Surgeon General /ˌsɜː.dʒən ˈdʒen.ər.əl/ 表示“（美国）卫生局局长”，英文解释为“the person who is in charge of the US Public Health Service (= a government department responsible for protecting public health), or the person with a similar job in a state”
The risks are even greater among men 55 to 74 and women 60 to 74. More than two-thirds of all deaths among current smokers in these age groups are related to smoking. Over all, the death rate from all causes combined in these age groups “is now at least three times as high among current smokers as among those who have never smoked,” Dr. Thun's team found.
在男性55-74岁的年龄组和女性60-74岁的年龄组中死亡风险则更大。在上述年龄组当前吸烟者的全部死亡中，有三分之二以上与吸烟有关。图恩博士的研究小组发现，目前总体而言，在这些年龄组中，“当前吸烟者的综合全因死亡率至少为从不吸烟者的三倍”。
While lung cancer is the most infamous hazard linked to smoking, the habit also raises the risk of death from heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and other cancers, including breast cancer.
虽然在与吸烟有关的危险中，肺癌最为臭名昭著，但吸烟习惯也可增加因心脏病、中风、肺部疾病以及乳腺癌等其它癌症死亡的风险。
stroke /strəʊk/ 表示“中风”，英文解释为“a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, sometimes causing a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body”举个🌰：She suffered/had a stroke that left her unable to speak. 她中风了，不能开口说话。
pulmonary /ˈpʊl.mə.nər.i/ 表示“肺的”，英文解释为“relating to the lungs (= organs used for breathing)”如：the pulmonary artery 肺动脉。
Furthermore, changes in how cigarettes are manufactured may have increased the dangers of smoking. The use of perforated filters, tobacco blends that are less irritating, and paper that is more porous made it easier to inhale smoke and encouraged deeper inhalation to achieve satisfying blood levels of nicotine.
此外，香烟制造工艺的改变也可能会增加吸烟的危害。使用打孔过滤嘴、刺激性较小的烟草共混物和渗透性较强的纸张使得人们更容易吸入烟雾，并助长人们采用较深的吸烟方式，以达到满意的血液尼古丁水平。
manufacture /ˌmæn.jəˈfæk.tʃər/ 表示“（通常指工厂利用机械大量）制造，（批量）生产”，英文解释为“to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines”举个🌰：He works for a company that manufactures car parts. 他在一家生产汽车部件的公司工作。
perforated /ˈpɜː.fər.eɪ.tɪd/ 表示“穿孔的；有孔的”，英文解释为“If paper or another material is perforated, it has a series of small holes made in it, often so that it will tear easily or allow light or air to enter.”举个🌰：The windows have been covered with perforated metal screens. 窗户上罩着金属网罩。
filter /ˈfɪl.tər/ 作动词，表示“过滤”，英文解释为“to remove solids from liquids or gases, or to remove particular types of light, using special equipment”举个🌰：The water is filtered to remove any impurities. 这种水经过滤以去除杂质。
作名词 1）表示“筛选（过滤）程序”，英文解释为“a program that stops certain types of electronic information, email, etc. being sent to a computer.”
2）表示“滤器；过滤器”，英文解释为“a device containing paper, sand, chemicals, etc. that a liquid or gas is passed through in order to remove any materials that are not wanted”
3）此前在尴尬！视频会议忘关摄像头......文中介绍有公司主管在线会议时，误开滤镜特效，会议全程整个人变成土豆头🥔，就提到：she could not figure out how to remove the filter. 主管一直搞不清要怎么关掉滤镜。filter指的就是滤镜。
blend /blend/ 作动词，表示“（使）混合，（使）混杂;（使）交融”，英文解释为“to mix or combine together”举个🌰：Blend the ingredients into a smooth paste. 将这些原料混和成均匀的糊状。
作名词，表示“（不同东西或风格的）混合品，混合物”，英文解释为“a mixture of different things or styles”如：a rich blend of the finest coffee beans 各种上等咖啡豆的混合品。
irritating /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪ.tɪŋ/ 表示“恼人的，令人厌烦的”，英文解释为“making you feel annoyed”如：an irritating habit 烦人的习惯；
irritate作动词，表示“激怒”，英文解释为“If something irritates you, it keeps annoying you.”举个🌰：Their attitude irritates me. 他们的态度激怒了我。
porous /ˈpɔːr.əs/ 表示“多孔的；能渗漏的”，英文解释为“Something that is porous has many small holes, so liquid or air can pass through, especially slowly.”如：porous soil with good drainage 有良好排水系统的渗漏性土壤。
inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/ 表示“吸气；吸入”，英文解释为“to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs”举个🌰：She flung open the window and inhaled deeply. 她打开窗户，深深地吸了口气。
inhalation /ˌɪn.həˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“吸气”，英文解释为“the action of breathing air, smoke, or gas into your lungs”举个🌰：Two firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. 两名消防员因吸入烟雾而接受治疗。
nicotine /ˈnɪkəˌtiːn/表示“尼古丁；烟碱”，英文解释为“a poisonous substance in tobacco that people become addicted to, so that it is difficult to stop smoking”
The result of deeper inhalation, Dr. Thun's report suggests, has been an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or C.O.P.D., and a shift in the kind of lung cancer linked to smoking. Among nonsmokers, the risk of death from C.O.P.D. has declined by 45 percent in men and has remained stable in women, but the death rate has more than doubled among smokers.
图恩博士的报告表明，较深的吸烟方式可增加患慢性阻塞性肺疾病（或称COPD），以及转变为与吸烟有关的肺癌的风险。在非吸烟者中，男性因COPD死亡的风险现已下降了45%，而在女性中该风险持续保持稳定，但在吸烟者中，该死亡率增加了一倍以上。
chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ 1）表示“（疾病）慢性的，长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured”如：chronic arthritis表示“慢性关节炎”。
2）表示“（问题）长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved”举个🌰：There is a chronic shortage of teachers. 长期存在师资短缺的问题。
3）还有一种解释是用来形容人“积习难改”，如“长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人”我们就可以用chronic alcoholic/gambler表示。
obstructive /əbˈstrʌk.tɪv/ 1）表示“有意妨碍的，蓄意阻挠的；刁难的”，英文解释为“trying to stop someone from doing something by causing problems for them”举个🌰：We'd have made a decision by now if he hadn't been so obstructive. 要不是他从中作梗我们现在早就作出决定了。
2）表示“梗阻的；阻塞的；栓塞的”，英文解释为“connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked”
- 词汇盘点 -
paraphrase、 ad campaign、 slogan、 hazard、 accompanying、 editorial、 equalize、 prevalence、 surgeon general、 stroke、 pulmonary、 manufacture、 perforated、 filter、 blend、 irritating、 porous、 inhale、 inhalation、 nicotine、 chronic、 obstructive- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
The Surgeon General’s editorial paraphrased the ad campaign slogan against nicotine hazards. Highlighting the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and strokes, it advocated inhalation using porous, perforated filters. The blend aimed to equalize risks and reduce irritating inhalation.LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2024年10月27日
第3550天
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