题目：
China’s ongoing rural to urban
transformation benefits the population
but is not evenly spread
期刊：
communications earth & environment
DOI
：
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01580-8
中国正优先推进一种协调和可持续的从农村到城市的转变，这一过程被称作城乡转型，涵盖土地、人口及产业的城市化。本研究旨在探究中国城乡转型模式的时空演变特征，特别关注转型的综合程度以及三大转型维度间的耦合关系。研究采用城市化立方体理论、基于卫星的网格化数据集以及自组织映射方法进行分析。研究结果表明，相较于中国西部，东部地区在城乡转型的综合度和耦合度上呈现出更高水平。总体来看，中国三大城乡转型维度间的耦合度有所增强。研究识别出中国城乡转型的六种典型模式，并发现随着时间推移，53.58%的地级行政区在城乡转型模式上实现了优化，3.44%出现了退化，而42.98%（主要集中在西部地区）保持稳定。尤为重要的是，研究强调了中国城乡转型的增强和耦合对于减少城乡福祉差距的积极作用。
China prioritizes a coordinated and sustainable shift from rural to urban areas, termed rural-urban transformation. This involves land, population, and industry urbanization. Here we explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of rural-urban transformation patterns in China, focusing on the degree of integrated transformation and the coupling between the three tracks. To conduct our investigation, we utilized the urbanization cube theory, satellite-derived gridded datasets, and the self-organizing map. Our findings show that eastern China has higher levels of integrated transformation and coupling compared to western China. There has been an overall increase in the coupling of China’s three rural-urban transformation tracks. We identified six typical rural-urban transformation patterns across China. Over time, 53.58% of prefectures improved in rural-urban transformation patterns, 3.44% degraded, and 42.98% (mainly in western China) remained unchanged. More importantly, we highlight that the increasing and coupling rural-urban transformation in China has reduced inequities in urban and rural well-being.
一项广泛讨论的议题是，自2000年起，中国推出的旨在促进城乡和谐关系的优秀国家政策组合是否真正有效地缩小了城乡之间的差距。有论点提出，随着城市化进程的加速，中国的城乡差距实际上正在扩大。然而，最新证据显示，城市化可能有助于减少城乡之间的收入不平等现象。因此，深入探究新世纪以来中国城乡福祉差距对城乡转型政策变化的响应，需要在国家层面进行更进一步的研究。
本研究首次尝试创建全国性的综合城乡转型发展地图，涵盖1990至2020年间中国各地级行政区的多样化城市化进程，并利用地球观测数据。我们进一步从数学角度引入一个指标，以展现不同地级行政区和省份之间城乡福祉差距的时空动态。综合考虑城乡转型发展和城乡福祉差距，我们采用聚类方法来确定中国的典型城乡转型模式，并分析这些模式在过去三十年的演变情况。最后，本研究还探讨了城乡福祉不平等对中国城乡转型模式的响应。我们的研究结果对于指导未来的政策制定，促进中国城乡之间建立可持续的关系具有重要的参考价值。
在这项研究中，我们对中国城乡转型模式(RUTP)的时空动态进行了开创性的全面分析，不仅考虑了三条城乡转型路径及其耦合程度，还探讨了中国城乡福祉不平等对其城乡转型模式的响应。研究结果显示，总体而言，东部中国的城乡转型发展(RUTD)和城乡福祉差距(CDθ)显著高于西部，这一现象以胡焕庸线为界。从时间上看，我们揭示了过去30年中国城乡转型的上升趋势和耦合现象，这一点从RUTD和CDθ的分布特征向右偏移中得到证实。尽管这些发现充满希望，但我们仍然发现西北地区一些地级行政区存在城乡转型的解耦现象。此外，自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析表明，中国存在六种典型的城乡转型模式。在过去的30年中，57.02%的地级行政区经历了城乡转型模式的转变，而42.98%的地级行政区，主要是西部地区，城乡转型模式保持不变。此外，城乡转型模式与城乡福祉不平等指数(DWBI)之间以及城乡福祉差距与城乡福祉不平等指数之间的显著非线性负相关表明，中国持续且耦合的城乡转型一直在减少其城乡福祉不平等。但对于一些西部省份而言，它们尚未达到城市反哺农村的阶段。
我们的研究工作取得了以下贡献。与传统依赖统计数据的城乡转型模式观测方法不同，本文开发的基于大数据驱动技术系统的城乡转型模式观测，允许我们深入理解中国长期城乡转型模式。此外，本文是首次成功阐明城乡福祉不平等对城乡转型响应机制的尝试。我们基于地球观测数据的中国城乡转型模式动态证据以及基于DWBI对城乡转型响应提出的后续步骤，将有助于在转型期的中国有效实施乡村振兴和社会可持续的城市化。值得注意的是，我们采用的城乡转型度量方法虽然被广泛使用，但仅针对简化的城乡系统构建。预见到的未来城乡之间更复杂的关系可能会引入一些不确定性，这仍需在未来的工作中进一步解决。
Here we developed a pioneer and comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of RUTP across China, which considers both the three RUT tracks and their coupling degree. Also, we explored the response of China’s urban and rural well-being inequities to its rural-urban transformation patterns. Our results showed that overall, the RUTD and CDθ were significantly higher in east China than in west China, as bounded by the Hu line. Chronologically, we revealed a rising and coupling RUT in China over the past 30 years, as evidenced by the observed rightward shifts in distribution profiles of both RUTD and CDθ. Despite these promising findings, some prefectures with decoupling RUT in northwest China were still detected. Furthermore, SOM clustering analysis suggested that six typical RUTPs were occurring across China. During the last 30 years, 57.02% of the prefectures had experienced a shift in RUTP, while 42.98% of the prefectures, mainly in west China, remained RUTP unchanged. In addition, the significant non-linear negative correlations between RUTP and DWBI, and CDθ and DWBI indicated that the continuing and coupling RUT in China has been reducing its urban and rural well-being inequities. But for some western provinces, they still have not yet reached the stage where urban areas can feed rural areas back.
Our presented efforts yield the following contributions. In contrast to traditional observational methods for RUTP relying on statistical data, the big earth data-driven technical system for RUTP observation developed in this paper allows for a detailed understanding of long-term RUTP throughout China. In addition, this paper marks the inaugural successful endeavor to elucidate the mechanism dictating the response of urban and rural well-being inequities to rural-urban transformation. Our earth observation evidence for China’s RUTP dynamics and the proposed next steps based on the responses of DWBI to RUTP will enable the effective implementation of rural revitalization and socially sustainable urbanization in transitional China. It is worth noting that the measure of urban-rural transformation degree that we have adopted, although widely used, is constructed only for the simplified urban-rural system. The more complex relationship between urban and rural areas that are foreseen in the future may introduce some uncertainties, which remain to be further addressed in our future work.
