《自然》（20250313出版）一周论文导读

物理学 Physics

▲ 作者：Xinyu Jia, Chonghao Zhai, Xuezhi Zhu, Chang You, Yunyun Cao, Xuguang Zhang, Yun Zheng, Zhaorong Fu, Jun Mao, Tianxiang Dai, Lin Chang, Xiaolong Su, Qihuang Gong & Jianwei Wang

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08602-1

▲ 摘要：

大尺度纠缠态的产生对于量子计算、量子通信、量子计量等量子技术至关重要。集成量子光子学能够在芯片上对量子光态进行编码、处理和检测，为大规模纠缠态的产生和操纵提供了一个很有前途的平台。在单光子内以离散变量编码的量子比特之间产生纠缠是具有挑战性的，因为在光子芯片上使单光子相互作用是困难的。使用连续变量操作的设备更有前途，因为它们能够确定地产生和纠缠模，其中信息以光正交编码。

迄今为止的演示仅限于两个模之间的纠缠。研究者报告了在集成光学芯片上连续可变八模纠缠的确定性产生。该芯片提供了一个量子微梳，可以产生低于阈值的多模压缩真空光学频率梳。他们验证了八模态的不可分性，并通过违反van Loock–Furusawa标准，证明了数百兆赫边带频率上的超模多部纠缠。

通过测量具有足够低的非对角噪声的抵消相关的完整矩阵，研究者描述了多部纠缠结构，它近似于有限压缩的预期簇型结构。这项工作显示了连续变量集成光子量子器件在促进量子计算、网络和传感方面的潜力。

▲ Abstract：

The generation of large-scale entangled states is crucial for quantum technologies, such as quantum computation, communication and metrology. Integrated quantum photonics that enables on-chip encoding, processing and detection of quantum light states offers a promising platform for the generation and manipulation of large-scale entangled states4,5. Generating entanglement between qubits encoded in discrete variables within single photons is challenging, owing to the difficulty of making single photons interact on photonic chips. Devices that operate with continuous variables are more promising, as they enable the deterministic generation and entanglement of qumodes, in which information is encoded in light quadratures. Demonstrations so far have been limited to entanglement between two qumodes. Here we report the deterministic generation of a continuous-variable eight-mode entanglement on an integrated optical chip. The chip delivers a quantum microcomb that produces multimode squeezed-vacuum optical frequency combs below the threshold. We verify the inseparability of our eight-mode state and demonstrate supermode multipartite entanglement over hundreds of megahertz sideband frequencies through violation of the van Loock–Furusawa criteria. By measuring the full matrices of nullifier correlations with sufficiently low off-diagonal noises, we characterize multipartite entanglement structures, which are approximate to the expected cluster-type structures for finite squeezing. This work shows the potential of continuous-variable integrated photonic quantum devices for facilitating quantum computing, networking and sensing.

▲ 作者：C. Delle Donne, M. Iuliano, B. van der Vecht, G. M. Ferreira, H. Jirovská, T. J. W. van der Steenhoven, A. Dahlberg, M. Skrzypczyk, D. Fioretto, M. Teller, P. Filippov, A. R.-P. Montblanch, J. Fischer, H. B. van Ommen, N. Demetriou, D. Leichtle, L. Music, H. Ollivier, I. te Raa, W. Kozlowski, T. H. Taminiau, P. Pawełczak, T. E. Northup, R. Hanson & S. Wehner

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08704-w

▲ 摘要：

未来量子网络的目标是实现仅使用经典通信无法实现的新互联网应用。到目前为止，量子处理器上的量子网络应用和功能的演示已经在特定于实验设置的特设软件中进行，编程为使用实验物理专业知识直接在低级控制设备中执行单个任务（应用实验）。

研究者报告了一种架构的设计和实现，该架构能够在与平台无关的高级软件中的量子处理器上执行量子网络应用程序。他们通过将其实现为量子网络操作系统，并执行测试程序，展示了该架构在高级软件中执行应用程序的能力，包括在基于金刚石中的氮空位中心的两个量子网络节点上从客户端到服务器的委托计算。研究者展示了该架构如何通过多任务处理不同的应用程序来最大限度地利用量子网络硬件。

该体系结构可用于在与该系统模型相对应的任何量子处理器平台上执行程序。研究者通过为基于单个 ⁴⁰ Ca ⁺ 原子的捕获离子量子网络节点演示QNodeOS的额外驱动程序来说明这一点。该架构为量子网络编程的计算机科学研究奠定了基础，并为将量子网络技术带入社会的软件开发铺平了道路。

▲ Abstract：

The goal of future quantum networks is to enable new internet applications that are impossible to achieve using only classical communication. Up to now, demonstrations of quantum network applications and functionalities on quantum processors have been performed in ad hoc software that was specific to the experimental setup, programmed to perform one single task (the application experiment) directly into low-level control devices using expertise in experimental physics. Here we report on the design and implementation of an architecture capable of executing quantum network applications on quantum processors in platform-independent high-level software. We demonstrate the capability of the architecture to execute applications in high-level software by implementing it as a quantum network operating system—QNodeOS—and executing test programs, including a delegated computation from a client to a server on two quantum network nodes based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond. We show how our architecture allows us to maximize the use of quantum network hardware by multitasking different applications. Our architecture can be used to execute programs on any quantum processor platform corresponding to our system model, which we illustrate by demonstrating an extra driver for QNodeOS for a trapped-ion quantum network node based on a single ⁴⁰ Ca ⁺ atom16. Our architecture lays the groundwork for computer science research in quantum network programming and paves the way for the development of software that can bring quantum network technology to society.

化学 Chemistry

▲ 作者：Jijia Xie, Cong Fu, Matthew G. Quesne, Jian Guo, Chao Wang, Lunqiao Xiong, Christopher D. Windle, Srinivas Gadipelli, Zheng Xiao Guo, Weixin Huang, C. Richard A. Catlow & Junwang Tang

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08630-x

▲ 摘要：

甲烷是天然气和页岩气的主要成分，是化学合成的重要碳源。甲烷在温和条件下直接部分氧化为液态氧是一种有吸引力的途径，但分子的惰性使得同时实现对单一目标产物的高转化率和高选择性具有挑战性。当瞄准需要C-C耦合的更有价值的产品时，这种困难会被放大。

虽然选择性部分甲烷氧化过程通常产生C ₁ 氧合物，但最近的报告记录了光催化甲烷转化为C ₂ 氧合物乙醇，转化率低，但选择性好到高。研究表明，具有苯和三嗪交替基序的共价三嗪基框架-1分子内结光催化剂以高选择性和显著提高的转化率驱动甲烷偶联和氧化成乙醇。异质结结构不仅能使电荷在生成后高效、长时间的分离，还能使水和氧分别优先吸附在三嗪和苯基上。

这种双位点特征将C-C偶联从形成•OH自由基的位点分离成乙烷中间体，从而避免过度氧化。当负载Pt以进一步提高性能时，分子异质结光催化剂在填充床流动反应器中生成乙醇，转化率大大提高，表观量子效率达到9.4%。研究者推测，进一步发展“分子内连接”方法将为C-C偶联提供高效和选择性的催化剂，包括但不限于甲烷转化为 C _{2 +} 化学品。

▲ Abstract：

Methane, the main component of natural and shale gas, is a significant carbon source for chemical synthesis. The direct partial oxidation of methane to liquid oxygenates under mild conditions is an attractive pathway, but the inertness of the molecule makes it challenging to achieve simultaneously high conversion and high selectivity towards a single target product. This difficulty is amplified when aiming for more valuable products that require C–C coupling. Whereas selective partial methane oxidation processes have thus typically generated C ₁ oxygenates, recent reports have documented photocatalytic methane conversion to the C ₂ oxygenate ethanol with low conversions but good-to-high selectivities. Here we show that the intramolecular junction photocatalyst covalent triazine-based framework-1 with alternating benzene and triazine motifs drives methane coupling and oxidation to ethanol with a high selectivity and significantly improved conversion. The heterojunction architecture not only enables efficient and long-lived separation of charges after their generation, but also preferential adsorption of H ₂ O and O ₂