【经济学人】人脑PK计算机 | 2017.01.07 | 总第775期

THE Turing Test was conceived as a way to judge whether true artificial intelligence has been achieved. If a computer can fool humans into thinking it is human, there is no reason, say its fans, to say the machine is not truly intelligent.

图灵检测被认为是判断真正的人工智能是否实现的一种方法。对于人工智能的粉丝们来说，如果计算机能愚弄人类，让人类认为他们是人，那么便没有理由说机器不具备真正的人工智能。

• THE Turing Test：图灵测试

Few giants in computing stand with Turing in fame, but one has given his name to a similar challenge: Terry Winograd, a computer scientist at Stanford. In his doctoral dissertation MrWinograd posed a riddle for computers: “The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence. Who feared violence?”

在计算机大神中，很少有人能与图灵的名声比肩媲美的，但是斯坦福大学的计算机科学家Terry Winograd发起了一个以自己名字命名的类似挑战。他在博士论文中，给计算机提出了一个谜语：“城市议员拒绝给示威者许可，因为他们害怕暴力。那么问题来了，到底是谁害怕暴力呢？”

• doctoral dissertation：博士论文

• riddle：谜语

• councilmen：议员

• demonstrators：游行示威者

THE Turing Test图灵测试

It is a perfect illustration of a well-recognised point: many things that are easy for humans are crushingly difficult for computers. MrWinograd went into AI research in the 1960s and 1970s and developed an early natural-language program called SHRDLU that could take commands and answer questions about a group of shapes it could manipulate: “Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box.” This work brought a jolt of optimism to the AI crowd, but MrWinograd later fell out with them, devoting himself not to making machines intelligent but to making them better at helping human beings. (These camps are sharply divided by philosophy and academic pride.) He taught Larry Page at Stanford, and after Mr Page went on to co-found Google, MrWinograd became a guest researcher at the company, helping to build Gmail.

这是对一个众所周知的观点的完美解释：那就是许多事情对人们来说很容易，对机器来说却十分困难。 Winograd在20世纪60年代和70年代一直在进行了人工智能的研究，并开发了一个名为SHRDLU的早期自然语言程序，它可以接受命令和回答关于一组它可以熟练使用的形状的问题：比如“找到一个比你手中拿着的更高的方块放入盒子。”（期待您的翻译，明天会有针对这句话的长难句解析呦~）他是Larry Page在斯坦福大学的老师，Page同人合作创建Google后，Winograd成为公司的客座研究员，帮助构建谷歌邮箱。

• Illustration：解释

• Crushingly：极其

• AI：人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）

• Jolt：摇晃

• Philosophy：哲学

In 2011 Hector Levesque of the University  of Toronto became annoyed by systems that “passed” the Turing Test by joking and avoiding direct answers. He later asked to borrow MrWinograd’s name and the format of his dissertation’s puzzle to pose a more genuine test of machine “understanding”: the Winograd Schema. The answers to its battery of questions were obvious to humans but would require computers to have some reasoning ability and some knowledge of the real world. The first official Winograd Schema Challenge was held this year, with a $25,000 prize offered by Nuance, the language-software company, for a program that could answer more than 90% of the questions correctly. The best of them got just 58% right.

2011年多伦多大学Hector Levesque对那些靠开玩笑和不直接回答问题”通过“图灵测试的系统感到恼火。随后他借用Winograd先生的名字和他论文中的谜题格式制作了一个更加真实的机器“理解能力”测试：Winograd模式。其整组问题的答案对人类来说都是显而易见的，但却需要计算机有一定的推理能力和对现实世界了解。今年举行了第一次官方Winograd模式挑战，Nuance语言软件公司为能够答对90%以上问题的计算机程序提供25000美元的奖励。但表现最好的正确率也只有58%。

Nuance公司

Though officially retired, MrWinograd continues writing and researching. One of his students is working on an application for Google Glass, a computer with a display mounted on eyeglasses. The app would help people with autism by reading the facial expressions of conversation partners and giving the wearer information about their emotional state. It would allow him to integrate linguistic and non-linguistic information in a way that people with autism find difficult, as do computers.

尽管正式退休了，Winograd仍在继续写作和研究活动。他的一个学生在开发谷歌眼镜的应用程序（一个显示器安装在眼镜上的计算机）。该应用程序可以帮助孤独症患者通过阅读谈话对象的面部表情反馈给佩戴者对方的情绪状态信息。此程序可以将孤独症人群和计算机认为复杂的语言和非语言信息整合在一起。

• autism：n.孤独症

• integrate：v使…完整

Asked to trick some of the latest digital assistants, like Siri and Alexa, he asks them things like “Where can I find a nightclub my Methodist uncle would like?”, which requires knowledge about both nightclubs (which such systems have) and Methodist uncles (which they don’t). When he tried “Where did I leave my glasses?”, one of them came up with a link to a book of that name. None offered the obvious answer: “How would I know?”

谈及整蛊时下最新的数字助理，如Siri和Alexa，他问数字助理以下问题，如：“我在哪里可以找我的卫理公会教派叔叔会喜欢的夜总会？”这需要了解夜总会的知识（系统包含）和卫理公会教派的叔叔（系统不包含）。当他问“我把眼镜放哪儿了？”其中一个弹出该书名的图书链接。二者都没有给出明摆着的答案：“我怎么知道？”

• Methodist：n卫理公会派教徒

翻译 ▍栏目二第五组

审核 ▍椰子

编辑 ▍澜意