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The changing social structure of global cities: Professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation
全球城市不断变化的社会结构：专业化、无产阶级化还是两极分化
Chris Hamnett（中国人民大学，伦敦国王学院）
首次出版时间：2020/8/5｜研究论文
Abstract:
This paper addresses a simple, but very important, question. How has the occupational class structure of major world or global cities changed in recent decades? This has major social and theoretical implications given the claims made by Friedmann (1986) and Sassen (1991) regarding social polarisation in world or global cities. The paper outlines and compares three positions regarding the changing occupational class structure of world cities and of Western societies in general: professionalisation, proletarianisation and social polarisation. The paper does not provide original empirical evidence. Instead, it provides a wide-ranging overview of evidence from existing studies in a range of cities in both Global North and South over the last 50 years. It concludes that whereas professionalisation is common to most global cities, there is little evidence for proletarianisation, and that polarisation is a contingent outcomein certain cities at certain times. The claims for a common universal pattern are rejected and variations in national economic, political and social structure and policy are argued to be more important.
摘要：
本文探讨一个虽然简单但非常重要的问题。近几十年来，世界或全球主要城市的职业阶层结构发生了怎样的变化？鉴于弗里德曼(1986年)和萨森(1991年)提出的、世界或全球城市将发生社会两极分化的主张，这具有重大的社会和理论意义。本文概述并比较了关于世界城市和西方社会职业阶层结构变化的三种观点：专业化、无产阶级化和社会两极分化。本文没有提供原始的经验证据。相反，我们对过去50年内对全球南方和全球北方城市现有研究证据的广泛综述。本文的结论是，专业化在大多数全球城市都很普遍，无产阶级化的证据很少，两极分化是某些城市在特定时间的偶然结果。存在普遍规律的主张被否定，国家经济、政治和社会结构及政策的差异被认为更为重要。
Keywords:
class, diversity/cohesion/segregation, inequality, polarisation, professionalisation
关键词：
阶级, 多样性/凝聚力/隔离, 不平等, 两极分化, 专业化
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020940556
Extended urbanisation and the agrarian question: Convergences, divergences and openings
扩展城市化与农业问题：趋同、分歧和展开
Swarnabh Ghosh（哈佛大学）
Ayan Meer（麻省理工学院）
首次出版时间：2020/8/6｜研究论文
Abstract:
The question of urbanisation ‘beyond the city’ has generated a lively debate in the fields of urban studies and geography in recent years. This paper brings a key concept from this discussion – ‘extended urbanisation’ – in conversation with distinct yet related concepts from critical agrarian studies. We briefly review the ‘classic’ agrarian question in order to situate contemporary agrarian questions within the historical geographies of capitalist restructuring since the late-nineteenth century. We then examine a selection of contemporary agrarian scholarship attuned to the interconnectedness of agrarian and urban sociospatial relations to argue that the concept of extended urbanisation and urban studies more generally have much to gain from a closer engagement with this work. To this end, we identify three openings for further analysis: (1) ‘global depeasantisation’ and ‘deruralisation’ as the labour dimensions of extended urbanisation; (2) the co-existence of banal ‘operational landscapes’ with landscapes of high-intensity extraction and agro-industrialisation; and (3) relational periodisations of urbanisation that incorporate successive world-historical ‘food regimes’ and their associated commodity frontiers in order to unearth geohistories of extended urbanisationin colonial and postcolonial contexts. We conclude by rearticulating the ‘rightto the city’ in terms of a broader ‘right to space’ as a means of re-centring ongoing struggles against capitalist urbanisation in spaces beyond the city.
摘要：
近年来，“超越城市”的城市化问题在城市研究和地理学领域引发了热烈的讨论。本文从这场讨论中引出了一个关键概念“扩展城市化”，与批判性农业研究中截然不同但又相关的概念对话。我们简要回顾了“经典的”农业问题，以便将当代农业问题置于19世纪后期以来资本主义重组的历史地理框架内。然后，我们回顾了一些精选的当代农业学术研究成果（这些学术研究关注农业和城市社会空间关系的相互联系），以论证扩展城市化概念和更广泛的城市研究从与这项工作的更密切互动中获益良多。为此，我们确定了进一步分析的三个切入点：（1）“全球去农民化”和“去农村化”是扩展城市化的劳动力层面；（2）平庸的“操作局面”与高强度开采和农业工业化局面并存；以及（3）城市化的相关时期划分（结合了连续的世界历史“食物制度”及其相关的商品边界），以挖掘殖民和后殖民背景下扩展城市化的地理历史。最后，我们用更广泛的“空间权”来重新表述“城市权”，以此作为一种手段，将反对资本主义城市化的斗争重新集中在城市以外的空间。
Keywords:
agrarian studies, development, theory, urbanisation, economic processes, extended urbanisation, globalisation, agglomeration
关键词：
农业研究, 发展, 理论, 城市化, 经济过程, 扩展城市化, 全球化, 集聚
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020943758
Placebo urban interventions: Observing Smart City narratives in Santiago de Chile
城市干预措施作为安慰剂：观察智利圣地亚哥的智慧城市叙事
Walter A Imilán（智利中央大学）
Carlos Lange （智利大学）
Pablo Mansilla （智利瓦尔帕莱索天主教天主教大学）
首次出版时间：2020/8/29｜研究论文
Abstract:
The implementation of the Smart City (SC) model in Santiago, Chile has not heralded any significant interventions in terms of scale, urban impact, amount invested, technological innovation or architectural design. Instead, material interventions have been small and have had little more than a superficial impact upon the perceptions of citizens. The significance of observing ‘Smart’ interventions in Santiago involves analysing their implementation under a provincialising lens in orderto observe the way local experience transforms monist ways of thinking about SCs. Based on ethnographic observation of an SC intervention (in Paseo Bandera, Santiago de Chile), four principles of intervention were identified: democratisation of the city, spatial appropriation by citizens, social and technological innovation and local and territorialised interventions. These principles help to identify the intervention as an urban placebo, which thearticle argues works through the fictions of effective interventions and urbanimage improvement that seek to participate in worlding practices whilst, inreality, very little is being improved or effectively addressed in the city. Paseo Bandera SC intervention presents a narrative of modern, sustainable and technologically advanced urban planning in the form of specific material interventions, when in fact it involves very little modernity, sustainability or technology, and is little more than a continuation and evolution of the neoliberal urban model that exists in Chile.
摘要：
智慧城市模式在智利圣地亚哥的实施，在规模、城市影响、投资额、技术创新或建筑设计方面并未带来任何重大干预。相反，物质干预一直很小，对市民的感知只产生了表面的影响。在圣地亚哥观察“智慧”干预措施的意义在于，从一个地方性的视角分析它们的实施情况，以观察当地经验如何改变看待智慧城市的一元论思维方式。基于对智利圣地亚哥的帕索班德拉 (Paseo Bandera) 的一个智慧城市干预的人种学观察，我们确定了四项干预原则：城市民主化、市民对空间的占有、社会和技术创新以及当地和属地干预。这些原则有助于明确干预作为城市安慰剂的功能。本文认为，这种做法通过虚构有效干预和城市形象改善（从而寻求参与世界实践）发挥作用，但在现实中，改善乏善可陈、城市问题也没有得到有效解决。帕索班德拉的智慧城市干预呈现了一个现代、可持续和技术先进的城市规划的叙事，其以具体的物质干预为表现形式，但在事实上几乎不涉及现代性、可持续性或高科技，只不过是智利现有的新自由主义城市模式的延续和演变。
Keywords:
planning, public space,smart cities, social justice, technology, theory, urban knowledge
关键词：
规划, 公共空间, 智慧城市, 社会正义, 高科技, 理论, 城市知识
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020943426
Transnational gentrification: The crossroads of transnational mobility and urban research
Hila Zaban（英国华威大学，以色列Kinneret学术学院）
Abstract:
This introduction to the special issue introduces the contributors’ articles and identifies key themes relating to how increased transnational mobility has affected urbanisation processes in many cities, resulting in the globalisation of rentgaps. A mix of local and transnational real estate interests work to attract higher-income lifestyle migrants and tourists, often from higher-income countries to lower-income urban space in order to increase its exchange value.In the process, however, they act to reduce the use value of urban space to lower-income residents. The introduction notes that the acceleration of lifestyle mobilities moving through urban spaces, and the development of transnational lifestyles of urban place consumption, have produced new forms of gentrification – not merely the spread of an urban strategy to new cities, but the planetarisation of rent gaps. Transnational gentrification is the form of contemporary urbanisation that occurs as a result of closing these rent gaps through attraction of higher income, transnational migrants, often from high-income countries in Northern Europe and North America.
摘要：
本期特刊的引言介绍了撰稿人的文章，并确定了与跨国流动性增加如何影响许多城市的城市化进程、导致租金差距全球化相关的关键主题。当地和跨国房地产利益的结合吸引了高收入生活方式的移民和游客，他们往往从高收入国家来到低收入城市空间，这增加了城市空间的交换价值。然而，在这个过程中，他们降低了城市空间对低收入居民的使用价值。引言指出，城市空间中生活方式流动性的加速，以及城市场所消费的跨国生活方式的发展，产生了新形式的绅士化——不仅仅是城市策略向新城市的扩散，还有租金差距的全球化。跨国绅士化是当代城市化的一种形式，是通过吸引高收入的跨国移民（通常来自北欧和北美的高收入国家）来缩小这些租金差距的结果。
Keywords:
gentrification, lifestyle migration, planetary urbanisation, tourism, transnationalism
关键词：
绅士化, 生活方式流动, 全球城市化, 旅游业, 跨国主义
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020945247
