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考研英语外刊阅读  · 公众号  ·  · 2024-07-04 07:59

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上期划线句答案

Around the middle of the 20th century, the predecessors of the major international oil companies attained such power that they were nicknamed the Seven Sisters, a group of energy producers with such global scope and influence that they could make or break governments .

大约20世纪中叶,主要国际石油公司的前身势力非常强大,被戏称为“七姐妹”,这群能源生产商凭借如此的全球势力和影响力甚至能创造或颠覆政府。

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本期内容


双语阅读


Para.1


A study conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan, analyzing over 30 million grading records, reveals a surprising correlation: Students with surnames that appear earlier in the alphabet tend to receive higher grades compared to their counterparts with later alphabetical placements. This phenomenon is attributed to an effect known as "sequential grading bias," an unintended byproduct of the default alphabetical order of student submissions in widely used online learning management systems like Canvas, the platform examined in the study.



一项由密歇根大学的研究人员开展的研究,分析了超过3000万条成绩记录,发现了一个令人惊讶的相关性:姓氏在字母表中靠前的学生往往比姓氏在字母位置靠后的同学取得的成绩更高。 翻译划线句,在文末留言打卡,答案下期公布~

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1. surname

/ˈsɜːˌneɪm/

n. 姓; 绰号,别名

v. 给······姓氏,给······起别名

2. byproduct

/ˈbaɪprɒdʌkt/

n. 副产品

3. default

/dɪˈfɔːlt/

n. 不履行,违约; 默认,系统设定值; 缺席,弃权

v. 违约,不履行义务; 默认,预设; 弃权,未到场

adj. 默认的

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Para.2


Sequential grading bias refers to the unintentional advantage or disadvantage that students may face due to the order in which their work is evaluated. For example, job interview candidates who are interviewed later in the day may be rated more harshly compared to those who went earlier. Or, exams that are graded in the reverse order in which they were submitted may show a trend as grading proceeds. In the context of alphabetical ordering, instructors often begin grading from the top of the list, where surnames starting with letters like A or B appear. This initial advantage can inadvertently influence grading patterns, where early papers might receive more favorable assessments compared to those evaluated later.



“连续评分偏差”指的是学生作业评估时因顺序而在无意中面临的优势或劣势。比如,工作面试求职者如果是在一天的末尾进行面试,与较早参加面试的求职者相比,可能会收到更严厉的评价。又如,按照与提交顺序相反的顺序进行评分的考试,可能会在评分的过程中显示出某种趋势。在按字母排序的情境下,教师通常从列表顶部开始评分,列表顶部是姓氏以A或B开头的学生。这种最初的优势可能会无意中影响评分模式,使得早提交的作业相比后来提交的,在打分时更有可能获得更好的评价。

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1. inadvertently

/ˌɪnədˈvɜːtəntli/

adv. 无意地,不经意地

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Para.3


According to the study, this bias is particularly pronounced in large classes or courses where assignments are submitted digitally through platforms. These systems typically arrange student submissions alphabetically by default, reinforcing the pattern observed in the research. As a result, students with surnames towards the end of the alphabet, such as those starting with W, X, Y, or Z, tend to receive lower grades on average compared to their peers with surnames from the beginning of the alphabet.



根据这项研究,这种偏差在大班或者使用平台数字化提交作业的课程中尤为显著。这些系统通常默认按照字母顺序对学生的作业进行排序,进一步强化了研究中观察到的这一模式。因此,姓氏属于字母表末尾的学生,比如以W、X、Y或Z开头的学生,平均而言获得的评分会比姓氏靠前的同学更低。

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Para.4


The implications of alphabetical grading biases extend beyond individual academic outcomes. In educational environments striving for fairness and equity, such biases can inadvertently perpetuate disparities in student achievement. Recognizing these dynamics prompts a critical examination of grading practices and policies to ensure they align with principles of fairness and objectivity.



字母排序评分偏见的影响超出了个体学术成就。在追求公平和公正的教育环境中,这种偏见可能在无意中延续了学生的成绩差距的存在。认识到这些相互作用促使我们对评分实践和政策开展关键性审视,以确保它们符合公平和客观的原则。

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1. perpetuate

/pəˈpɛtjʊˌeɪt/

v. 使持续,使长久(尤指不好的事物)

2. prompt

/prɒmpt/

v. 促使,导致; 鼓励,提示(说话者); (计算机上)提示; (给演员)提词,提白

n. (给演员的)提词; (计算机屏幕上显示准备接受指令的)提示;  鼓励,催促; (付款通知单上的)付款期限

adj. 迅速的,立刻的; (人)利索的,敏捷的; 及时的,准时的; (商品)即期要送的,即期要付的

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Para.5








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