第二部分
学科专业知识
二、
阅读理解
(每题2分，共30分)
A
What do you imagine most 14-year-olds doing? Going to school, of course. Talking with
friends. Playing video games. Maybe taking part in after-school sports.
You probably don't imagine them developing a treatment for cancer
.
But a l4-year-old high school student from Virginia has done just that
.
Heman Bekele has won a $25.000 prize for developing soap that treats skin cancer.
In October, he won the 3M Young Scientist challenge in St. Paul, Minnesota, and got the
title of"America's Top Young Scientist."
To enter the contest, students had to submit a short video describing a new invention
that could help solve a problem for themselves, their communities or the world.
The top 10 finalists were then paired with a 3M scientist to develop a prototype of their
invention. 3M is a global technology company based in St. Paul.
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the US, and the third most common
type around the world. Treating it has been found to cost nearly $9 billion a year in the US
alone.
Heman says the high cost of treatment drove him to develop a cheap way to help.
His soap includes three ingredients that have been found to help the body fight cancer
and it costs just $0.50 per bar.
He said the most important thing was for his soap to be accessible to as many people
aspossible
.
Heman says he'
l
l use the $25,000 prize to help pay for the development of his soap, and
for his future education.
6.
What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Talking with friends
B.Talking part in after school sports
C. playing video games
D.Developing a treatment for cancer
7. Why did women enter 3M young scientist challenge?
A. to meet 3m scientists B.to provide a new video
C.to help solve a problem
D.to sell this soap invention
8.What is Henman's achievement an treating the skin cancer?
A.inventing the new medicine
B.lowering the treatment costs
B.finding three ingredions
D.helping to make more soaps
B
The ability of some species to create light known as bioluminescence--is both magica
and commonplace. Magical, because of its glimmering beauty, Commonplace, because many
life forms can do it. On land the most familiar examples are fireflies, flashing to attract mates
on a warm summer night. But there are other luminous land organisms, including
glow-worms millipedes, and some 90 species of fungus. Even some birds, such as the Atlantic
puffin, have beaks that glow in the dark.
But the real biological light show takes place in the sea. Here, an astonishing number of
beings can make light, Some, such as ostracods, are like ocean fireflies, using flashes of light
to attract a mate. There are also glowing bacteria, and light-making
fish, squid, and jellyfish
.I
ndeed,of all the groups of organisms known to make light, more than four-fifths live in the
ocean.
In the ocean's upper layers, where light penetrates, creatures need to blend in to
survive. Any life form that stands out is in danger of being spotted by predators --especially
those swimming below, looking up. Many life forms solve this problem by avoiding the
ligh
zone during the day.Others- such as jellyfish and swimming snails--are transparent, ghost
like
creatures,almost impossible to see
Other sea species use light to survive in the upper layers--but how? Some, such as
certain shrimp and squid, illuminate their bellies to match the light coming from above. Thi
s
allows them to become invisible to predators below, Their light can be turned on and off at
will--some even have a dimmer switch. For example, certain types of shrimp can alter how
much light they give off, depending on the brightness of the water around them.
If
a cloud
passes overhead and briefly blocks the light, the shrimp will dim itself accordingly
But if the aim is to remain invisible, why do some creatures light up when they are
touched.or when the water nearby is disturbed? A couple of reasons, First, a sudden burst of
light may startle 3 a predator, giving the prey a chance to escape. Some kinds of deep-sea
squid, for example,give a big squirt of light before darting off into the gloom.
Second, there is the principle of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend." Giving off light
can help summon the predator of your predator. Known as the "burglar alarm" effect, this is
especially useful for tiny life forms,such as dinoflagellates, that cannot swim fast. For such
small beings,water is too viscous" to allow a quick getaway-- it would be like trying to swim
through syrup.Instead, when threatened by a shrimp, for example, these organisms light up
.
The flashes attract larger fish that are better able to spot
and eat--the shrimp. The chief
defense for these tiny organisms is therefore not fight or flight - but light.
9. All life forms with bioluminescence
A.live in or near water
B.are able to create light
C.use light to attract mates
D.use light to protect themselves
10.In which position should the following sentence be added to paragraph 3 ?"these
creatures only rise toward the surface at night”
A. after the first sentence
B.after the second sentence
C.after the third sentence
D. after the fourth sentence
11.which of the following is not explained in the passage?
A. why some bioluminescence creatures produce light
B.Why invisibility
is important to many sea creatures
C.Some birds have beaks that glow in the dark
D. How various creatures near the ocean's surface hide themselves
12. what is meant by the "burglar alarm" effect in the last paragraph?
A. light allows predators to spot their prey in total darkness
B.A sudden flash of light startles predators, allowing their prey to escape
C.When lit up, tiny organisms such as dinoflagellates can swim faster
D.Organisms produce light,which attracts the predators of their predators
C
For lots of kids, todd
l
erhood is an important time for friendship, Studies show that the
earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as
teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as
kindness,sharing.and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his
temperament. Some toddlers are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that
toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults
think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found
that a toddler's way of saying "l like you" during play is likely to come in the form of copying
a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant
behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys,refuse to
share, and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship
for kids this age.Through play experiences,toddlers learn social rules. That's why it's so
important to take an active role in your toddler's social encounters by setting limits and
