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经济学人丨根深蒂固的海洋问题(1)

经济学人双语精读  · 公众号  · 国际  · 2017-05-27 17:46

正文

导读:海洋孕育了生命,是人类生息繁衍的基础。海洋之大,让人们误以为她的资源取之不尽用之不竭。人类对海洋资源无穷无尽的索取让她面临严峻的挑战。幸运的是,车到山前必有路,只要是想,办法总是有的。


本期选自2017年5月27日《经济学人》的封面文章,我们先通读原文,再开始精读。本期,我们将了解到以下几个问题:


  1. 海洋的重要性体现在哪些方面?

  2. 海洋面临哪些问题和挑战?

  3. 海洋为什么会面临这些问题和挑战?

  4. 我们可以采取哪些方法应对这些问题和挑战?




通读原文




The marine① world

Deep trouble②


Humans are wrecking③ the ocean. Technology shows the scale of the problem—and offers some solutions 


EARTH is poorly named.(海洋之大) The ocean covers almost three-quarters of the planet. It is divided into five basins: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic and the Southern oceans④. Were all the planet’s water placed over the United States, it would form a column of liquid 132km tall.⑤ (海洋对民生的重要性)The ocean provides 3bn people with almost a fifth of their protein (making fish a bigger source of the stuff than beef). Fishing and aquaculture assure the livelihoods of one in ten of the world’s people. (对环境的重要性)Climate and weather systems depend on the temperature patterns of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the ocean.


Humans have long assumed that the ocean’s size allowed them to put anything they wanted into it and to take anything they wanted out. (海洋面临挑战的原因)Changing temperatures and chemistry, overfishing and pollution have stressed⑧ its ecosystems for decades. The ocean stores more than nine-tenths of the heat trapped⑨ on Earth by greenhouse-gas emissions. (海洋问题Ⅰ:环境)Coral reefs are suffering as a result; scientists expect almost all corals to be gone by 2050.


(海洋问题Ⅰ:环境)By the middle of the century the ocean could contain more plastic than fish by weight. Ground down⑩ into tiny pieces, it is eaten by fish and then by people, with uncertain effects on human health. (海洋问题Ⅱ:资源) Appetite for fish grows nevertheless: almost 90% of stocks are fished either at or beyond their sustainable limits. The ocean nurtures humanity. Humanity treats it with contempt.




精读


The marine① world

Deep trouble②


Humans are wrecking③ the ocean. Technology shows the scale of the problem—and offers some solutions 


海洋世界①

根深蒂固的海洋问题②


人类正在毁掉③海洋。科技向我们展示了问题的严重性——同时也提供了一些解决方案



解析:

① 我们首先来区分一下 marinemaritime 的区别。两者都是形容词,都和“海洋”有关,但在具体含义上存在一些不同:


marine 指 related to the sea, the creatures that live there or sea transport,海(洋)的;海产的,海生的;’航海的;海运的。通过几个例子强化理解:


  • The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands.

    浮油严重威胁着岛屿周围的海洋生物


  • Marine biologists are concerned about the effects of untreated sewage that is flowing into coastal waters.

    污水未经处理就排到近海海域,海洋生物学家对其后果十分担心。


  • The Central harbour area will be closed to all marine traffic from 3.45 pm to 4.30 pm.

    中央海港区将于下午3时45分至4时30分关闭,严禁所有海上船只进出停留。


maritime 有两个意思,一是指 connected withhuman activity at sea. 海事的,航海的。二是指 near the sea or coast. 近海的,沿海的。我们通过几个例子加深对该词的理解:


  • Amalfi and Venice were important maritime powers.

    阿马尔菲和威尼斯一度是重要的海事基地


  • Make sure you visit the maritime museum if you're interested in anything to do with ships or seafaring.

    如果你对舰船或航海感兴趣,一定要参观一下那家海事博物馆


  • The temperature change in winter is less pronounced in maritime areas.

    沿海地区的冬季温度变化不那么明显。


一言以蔽之:

marine 的核心是: sea, creatures, transport;而 maritime 的核心是: human activity。

Marine 更倾向于自然的东西;而 maritime 更倾向于人为、人造的东西。


② 题目 Deep trouble 又是一个双关。一是指海洋深处(deep)面临很多问题(trouble);二是指问题(trouble)根深蒂固(deep)。从中可以看出《经济学人》的语言功底。


③ 我们再来讲一下 wreck 这个词:wreck 相当于 destroy, damage, spoil,后面既可以接具体名词,比如:car, house,也可以接抽象名词,比如:hope, chance. 下面我们通过几个例子来看一下:


  • The explosion shattered nearby windows and wrecked two cars.

    爆炸震碎了附近的窗子,并毁坏了两辆汽车


  • He has been warned that his behaviour might wreck his chances of promotion.

    有人警告他说,他的行为可能会毁掉自己晋升的机会




问题一

我们先来看第一个问题:海洋的重要性体现在哪些方面?

在分析一个事物面临问题或挑战时,往往会先描述该事物的重要性,从而突出问题的严重性。本文也是用了这个写作套路,在分析海洋面临的问题时,先写了海洋的重要性:海洋之大、海洋对民生的重要性、海洋对环境的重要性。然后再描述海洋面临的问题:资源问题、环境问题。这样更能引起人们的关注与警觉。

我们先来看第一段:


EARTH is poorly named.(海洋之大) The ocean covers almost three-quarters of the planet. It is divided into five basins: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic and the Southern oceans④. Were all the planet’s water placed over the United States, it would form a column of liquid 132km tall.⑤ (海洋对民生的重要性)The ocean provides 3bn people with almost a fifth of their protein (making fish a bigger source of the stuff than beef). Fishing and aquaculture assure the livelihoods of one in ten of the world’s people. (对环境的重要性)Climate and weather systems depend on the temperature patterns of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the ocean.


“地球”这个名字并不地道。海洋占地球表面的四分之三,被分为五大洋:太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、北冰洋和南部海洋④。如果将地球上的所有海水放置在美国上空,将形成一个132公里高的圆柱⑤。海洋向30亿人口提供了五分之一⑥的蛋白质(鱼类提供的蛋白质超过了牛肉)。渔业和水产业维持了地球上十分之一⑥的人口的生计。气候和天气系统依赖海洋的温度模式以及和大气的交互。如果有什么东西“因为太大而不能倒”⑦的话,那就应该是海洋。



解析:

这一段主要围绕着海洋的重要性展开:海洋因为大而重要;因为对民生的贡献而重要;因为对环境的作用而重要。下面我们看语言点:


④ The Southern oceans,南部海洋,指以南美洲南端、非洲南端、大洋洲南端为线,该线南部海域。如图:


⑤ Were all the planet’s water placed over the United States, it would form a column of liquid 132km tall. 这一句用的是虚拟时态,if A were B, A would...,然后 if 省略,were 放到句首,变为倒装。为了说明海洋之大,作者化抽象为具体,把海水放置在美国上空,将形成一个132公里高的圆柱,这种说明方法很巧妙,提供了一个非常灵活的思维。


⑥ 分数怎么表达?文中提供了两种方式:一种是 基数词(分子)+序数词(分母),比如 a fifth;另一种是 基数词(分子)+ in +基数词(分母),比如 one in ten。


⑦ Too big to fail,是一个经济金融领域的一个理论,翻译为“太大而不能倒”,或“大而不倒”。一些企业,尤其是金融机构,规模很大,和其它部门有着很密切的联系。当它们倒闭时,通常会对经济构成严重的冲击。所以当这些企业面临倒闭风险时,政府通常会出资支持,维持企业正常运营。


最后我们来看一下这一段的思维导图:

推荐大家根据思维导图做一下复述,这样更有利于对文章结构的把握,也有利于对语言表达的吸收和应用。




问题二

我们再来看第二个问题:海洋面临哪些问题和挑战?

第二段开始着笔写海洋面临的挑战,其中也一笔带过了海洋面临问题的原因。我们一起来看:


Humans have long assumed that the ocean’s size allowed them to put anything they wanted into it and to take anything they wanted out. (海洋面临挑战的原因)Changing temperatures and chemistry, overfishing and pollution have stressed⑧ its ecosystems for decades. The ocean stores more than nine-tenths of the heat trapped⑨ on Earth by greenhouse-gas emissions. (海洋问题Ⅰ:环境)Coral reefs are suffering as a result; scientists expect almost all corals to be gone by 2050.


长久以来,人们认为海洋无边无际,可以肆意的倾倒、索取。几十年来,海洋温度和化学成分的变化、过度捕捞以及污染正使海洋生态系统承受着压力⑧。在地球吸收⑨的温室气体排放所产生的热量中,有十分之九被海洋吸收。这导致珊瑚礁死亡,科学家预测,截至2050年,所有的珊瑚礁都将消亡。



解析:

⑧ Stress 一词,在文中作动词,表示“使...承受压力”,感情再强一点可以用 overwhelm. 比如:

Large numbers of patients are stressing China's medical system.

Large numbers of patients are overwhelming China's medical system.

stress 和 overwhelm 的用法、语境一样,只不过一个程度更强烈,大家在写作表达中可以根据感情色彩酌情使用。


⑨ trapped 一词源于其动词形式 trap,英文解释是:to keep something such as heat or water in one place, especially because it is useful,(尤指为利用而)收集,存住,保存(热量、水等)。举个栗子:


  • A greenhouse stays warm because the glass traps the heat of the sun.

    温室保持温暖,因为玻璃吸收了太阳的热量。



第三段继续讲述海洋面临的挑战,我们一起来看:


(海洋问题Ⅰ:环境)By the middle of the century the ocean could contain more plastic than fish by weight. Ground down⑩ into tiny pieces, it is eaten by fish and then by people, with uncertain effects on human health. (海洋问题Ⅱ:资源) Appetite for fish grows nevertheless: almost 90% of stocks are fished either at or beyond their sustainable limits. The ocean nurtures humanity. Humanity treats it with contempt.


到本世纪中期,海洋里的塑料重量将超过鱼类的重量。这些塑料在海水冲刷下磨成⑩细小的碎片,被鱼类吃掉,进而被人类所食,这对人类的健康会造成不确定的影响。尽管如此,人类对鱼类的需求增加:90%的海洋生物被捕捞,其速度达到或超过了可持续发展的极限。海洋养育了人类,而人类却对她鄙夷不屑。⑪



解析:

⑩ ground down,原形 grind down,碾碎。后面既可以接物,又可以接人。接物时,表示“碾压,碾碎”;接人时,表示“折磨,虐待”。举几个例子:


  • This rock can be ground down for road-building material.

    这种石头可碾碎作为筑路材料。


  • Poverty ground her spirit down.

    人穷志短。


  • These people have been ground down by years of oppression.

    多年来,这些人饱受压迫的折磨。


  • They were ground down by taxation.

    他们被税收压榨得直不起腰来。


通过观察,我们发现,grind down 后面接人时,其实就相当于 suffer as a result of...


The ocean nurtures humanity. Humanity treats it with contempt. 这一句把海洋对人类的恩惠和人类对海洋的无情进行对比,总结出了新的高度,鞭辟入里入木三分。乌鸦尚有反哺之情,人类却对海洋大肆攫取,毫无感恩。


最后我们看一下这部分的思维导图:

推荐大家根据思维导图做一下复述,这样更有利于对文章结构的把握,也有利于对语言表达的吸收和应用。




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