①V.Elwin,A Philosophy for NEFA(Shillong:Sachin Roy,1959); P.Mehra,The McMahon Line and After:A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-Eostern Frontier between Brtain,China and Tibet,1904-1947(London:Macmillan,1974);D.Woodman,Himalayan Frontiers:A Political Review of British,Chinese,Indian and Russian Rivalries(London:Barrie and Rockliff,the Cresset Press,1969); H.K.Barpujari,Problem of the Hill Tribes North-East Frontier,1873-1962,Vol.3,Inner Line to McMahon Line(Gauhati:Spectrum Publications,1981); A.G.Noorani,India-China Boundary Problem,1846-1947:History and Diplomacy(New Delhi:Oxford University Press,2011).
②阿拉斯泰尔·兰姆著,梁俊艳译:《中印涉藏关系史(1904-1914):以“麦克马洪线”问题为中心》,社会科学文献出版社2017年版,第256页。
③M.H.Edney,Mapping an Empire:The Geographical Construction of British India,1765-1843(Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1997); D.V.Zou and M.S.Kumar,"Mapping a Colonial Borderland:Objectifying the Geo-Body of India's Northeast," The Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.70,No.1(2011); R Dean,Mapping the Great Game:Explorers,Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia(Oxford:Casemate Publishers,2019);爱德华·W.萨义德著,王宇根译:《东方学》,生活·读书·新知三联书店1999年版,第16页。
④黄盛璋、王士鹤:《清代中印东段边界的历史研究》,中国科学院地理研究所编印:《边界历史地理研究论丛》,出版时间不详,第70—100页;房建昌:《近代中印东段边界史略》,郝玉林主编:《中国边疆研究通报》,新疆人民出版社1995年版,第56—80页;吕昭义:《英属印度与中国西南边疆:1774-1911年》,中国社会科学出版社1996年版;《英帝国与中国西南边疆:1911-1947年》,中国藏学出版社2002年版;吕一燃主编:《中国近代边界史》下卷,四川人民出版社2007年版;张永攀:《英帝国与中国西藏(1937-1947)》,中国社会科学出版社2007年版;卢秀璋:《论“西姆拉会议”:兼析民国时期西藏的法律地位》,中国藏学出版社2014年版;戴超武:《中国和印度有关地图边界画法的交涉及其意义(1950-1962)》,《中共党史研究》2017年第5期;赵光锐:《界划西藏:20世纪40年代英国有关西藏地图的“政治规范”》,《史林》2022年第4期。
⑤秦和平:《20世纪初清政府对西藏察隅等地查勘及建制简述》,《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第1期。
⑥为便于行文叙述,凡在中国境内的河段称为察隅河,在印度境内的河段称为鲁希特河;如果同时涉及中印两国境内的河段则以察隅河—鲁希特河称之。
⑦中国社会科学院民族研究所编:《僜人社会历史调查》,云南人民出版社1990年版,第3—9页。
⑧米什米人当今仍是印度表列部落(Scheduled Tribes)中的一支。因英文文献中米什米人的指代大于中国僜人,故为资料引用及叙述方便,下文将这一地区的山地部族皆统称为米什米人。
⑨F.Hamilton,"An Account of Asam,With Some Notices Concerning the Neighbouring Territories," Annals of Oriental Literature,Vol.1(1820).
⑩W.Hamilton,Geographical,Statistical,and Historical Description of Hindostan,and the Adjacent Countries,Vol.2(London:John Murray,1820),p.740.
(11)C.U.Aitchison,A Collection of Treaties,Engagements,and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries,Vol.1(Calcutta:Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing,1892),p.198.
(12)R.Wilcox,"Memoir of a Survey of Asam and the Neighbouring Countries,Executed in 1825-6-7-8," Asiatic Researches,Vol.17(1832).
(13)R.Wilcox,"Memoir of a Survey of Asam and the Neighbouring Countries,Executed in 1825-6-7-8," Asiatic Researches,Vol.17(1832).
(14)W.Hamilton,The East-India Gazetteer,Vol.1(London:Wm.H.Allen and Co.,1828),p.68.
(15)1882年以前英国对察隅地区的调查多以零散的、临时性的为主;1882年英国设置萨地亚助理政务官,开启了对中国藏南地区密集的、有针对性的调查活动,其对米什米人归属问题的话语建构也进入一个新的阶段,故本文以1882年为时间节点。
(16)艾伦·麦克法兰、艾丽斯·麦克法兰著,扈喜林译:《绿色黄金:茶叶帝国》,社会科学文献出版社2016年版,第147—172页;宫珏:《英属印度茶业的发展及影响研究(1830-1945)》,博士学位论文,云南大学历史与档案学院,2019年,第64页。
(17)Wm.Griffith,"Journal of a Visit to the Mishmee Hills in Assam," Journal of the Asiatic Society,No.65(1837).
(18)R.B.Pemberton,Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India(Calcutta:Baptist Mission Press,1835),p.78.
(19)Wm.Griffith,"Journal of a Visit to the Mishmee Hills in Assam," Journal of the Asiatic Society,No.65(1837).
(20)梁俊艳:《英国与中国西藏:1774-1904》,兰州大学出版社2011年版,第24—25页。
(21)参见沈卫荣《想象西藏:跨文化视野中的和尚、活佛、喇嘛和密教》,北京师范大学出版社2015年版,第244—270页;王春桥《殖民话语与土司形象:晚清时期英国人眼中的云南土司》,《青海民族研究》2020年第1期;魏孝稷《“文明”话语与19世纪前期英国殖民话语的转向——以英属印度为中心的考察》,《全球史评论》2021年第2期。
(22)J.Butler,A Sketch of Assam:With some Account of the Hill Tribes(London:Smith,Elder and Co.,1846),p.120.
(23)W.W.Hunter,A Statistical Account of Assam,Vol.1(London:Trübner & Co,1879),p.390.
(24)T.T.Cooper,The Mishmee Hills:An Account of a Journey Made in an Attempt to Penetrate Thibet from Assam to Open New Routes for Commerce(London:Henry S.King & Co.,1873),pp.14-15,35.
(25)T.T.Cooper,Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce in Pigtail and Petticoats:or,An Overland Journey from China Towards India(London:John Murray,1871)。另见吕昭义《英属印度与中国西南边疆:1774-1911年》,第128—133页;赵艾东《唐古巴的考察与英国对中国西南边疆的觊觎》,《中国边疆史地研究》2010年第4期。
(26)T.T.Cooper,The Mishmee Hills,p.37.
(27)T.T.Cooper,The Mishmee Hills,p.213.
(28)T.T.Cooper,The Mishmee Hills,p.245.
(29)T.T.Cooper,The Mishmee Hills,pp.239-240.
(30)J.P.Sharp,Geographies of Postcolonialism:Spaces of Power and Representation(London:SAGE Publications Ltd.,2009),p.18;宋念申:《地图帝国主义:空间殖民与地球规治》,《社会学评论》2022年第1期;赵光锐:《界划西藏:20世纪40年代英国有关西藏地图的“政治规范”》,《史林》2022年第4期。
(31)关于班智达的挑选、训练及在中国西部地区的调查活动,参见D.Waller,The Pundits:British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia(Kentucky:The University Press of Kentucky,1988); J.Stewart,Spying for the Raj:The Pundits and the Mapping of the Himalaya(Stroud:Sutton Publishing,2006)。
(32)J.T.Walker,"Four Year's Journeyings Through Great Tibet,by One of the Trans-Himalayan Explorers of the Survey of India," Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography,Vol.7,No 2(1885).
(33)J.B.N.Hennessey,Report on the Explorations in Great Tibet and Mongolia,Made by A-K in 1879-1882(Dehra Dun:The Trigonometrical Branch Office,Survey of India,1884),pp.21,74.
(34)J.B.N.Hennessey,Report on the Explorations in Great Tibet and Mongolia,Made by A-K in 1879-1882.
(35)W.W.Hunter,A Statistical Account of Assam,Vol.1.
(36)阿拉斯泰尔·兰姆:《中印涉藏关系史(1904-1914)》,第199—278页;吕昭义:《英属印度与中国西南边疆:1774-1911年》,第310—325页。
(37)Government of India to the Earl of Crewe,December 22,1910.IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(38)J.F.Michell,The North-East Frontier of India(Calcutta:The Superintendent of Government Printing,1883),p.97.
(39)《中华人民共和国政府官员和印度政府官员关于边界问题的报告》,第116页。
(40)J.F.Michell,The North-East Frontier of India,pp.iv,4.
(41)R.Reid,History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam from 1883-1941(Delhi:Eastern Publishing House,1942),pp.183-184.
(42)G.L.S.Ward,Military Report on the Mishmi Country(Simla:Government Central Printing Office,1901),p.11.
(43)"Mr.J.F.Needham's Journey Along the Lohit Brahmaputra,between Sadiya in Upper Assam and Rima in South-Eastern Tibet," Royal Geographical Society:Supplementary Papers,Vol.2(1889).
(44)"Mr.J.F.Needham's Journey Along the Lohit Brahmaputra,between Sadiya in Upper Assam and Rima in South-Eastern Tibet," Royal Geographical Society:Supplementary Papers,Vol.2(1889).
(45)G.L.S.Ward,Military Report on the Mishmi Country,p.17.
(46)N.Williamson,"The Lohit-Brahmaputra between Assam and South-Eastern Tibet,November,1907 to January,1908," The Geographical Journal,Vol.34,No 4(1909).
(47)N.Williamson,"The Lohit-Brahmaputra between Assam and South-Eastern Tibet,November,1907 to January,1908," The Geographical Journal,Vol.34,No.4(1909).
(48)R.Reid,History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam from 1883-1941,p.217.
(49)《边、藏情形时殊势异亟宜将紧要地方收回折》(1910年4月19日),四川省民族研究所、《清末川滇边务档案史料》编辑组编:《清末川滇边务档案史料》中册,中华书局1989年版,第594页。
(50)《程凤翔禀复洋人插旗拔旗情形》(1910年4月30日),《清末川滇边务档案史料》中册,第604页。
(51)Diary of Mr.Williamson,Assistant Political Officer,Sadiya,for January and February 1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(52)Mr.Williamson to Deputy Commissioner of Lakhimpur,March 11,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(53)N.Williamson,"The Lohit-Brahmaputra between Assam and South-Eastern Tibet,November,1907 to January,1908," The Geographical Journal,Vol.34,No.4(1909).
(54)Government of India to Viscount Morley,October 23,1910,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-2.
(55)Report on the Administration of the Province of Assam for the Year 1886-1887(Shillong:Assam Secretariat Press,1888).
(56)D.M.Lumsden and N.Williamson,"A Journey into the Abor Country,1909," The Geographical Journal,Vol.37,No.6(1911).
(57)Tom Tiddler's ground是一款儿童游戏,一个玩家“汤姆·泰德勒”站在一堆石头上,其他玩家冲到上面,喊着“我在汤姆·泰德勒之地捡金银”,而汤姆则试图捕捉或驱逐入侵者。这个短语被延伸用来表示一个容易被智取的人或土地。
(58)Captain F.M.Bailey to the Government of India,August 8,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(59)Government of India to the Marquess Crewe,June 29,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(60)Government of India to the Marquess Crewe,June 29,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(61)India Office to Foreign Office,July 18,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(62)Foreign Office to India Office,July 21,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(63)Foreign Office to India Office,July 21,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(64)Government of India to the Marquess of Crewe,September 27,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(65)Government of Eastern Bengal and Assam to Assistant Political Officer,October 5,1911,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/87-3.
(66)Government of India to the Marquess of Crewe,January 13,1912,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/88.
(67)《程凤翔禀倮土官拟来投诚仍回防察隅》(1910年6月16日),《清末川滇边务档案史料》中册,第659—661页。
(68)《收复桑昂曲宗等地设官分治并请奖出力员弁折》(1911年1月),《清末川滇边务档案史料》下册,第835页。
(69)《示谕科麦等地头人百姓订定地方章程仰一体知照》(1911年1月),《清末川滇边务档案史料》下册,第835页。
(70)《夏瑚日记》,西藏社会科学院西藏学汉文文献编辑室编:《西藏地方志资料集成》第二集,中国藏学出版社1997年版,第20页。
(71)《夏瑚日记》,《西藏地方志资料集成》第二集,第21页。
(72)《夏瑚日记》,《西藏地方志资料集成》第二集,第22页。
(73)R.Reid History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam from 1883-1941,p.239.
(74)Government of India to the Marquess of Crewe,February 27,1912,IOR,L/P & S/20/FO/88.
(75)1905-1911年阿萨姆与东孟加拉地区组成东孟加拉与阿萨姆省,1912年单独成立阿萨姆省。
(76)The Hon'ble Major W.M.Kennedy,Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,September 17,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(77)The Hon'ble Major W.M.Kennedy,Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,September 17,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(78)The Hon'ble Major W.M.Kennedy,Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,September 17,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(79)The Hon'ble Major W.M.Kennedy,Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,September 17,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(80)The Hon'ble Major W.M.Kennedy,Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Assam to the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,October 17,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(81)From Viceroy,November 21,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(82)Minute,November 26,1913,IOR,L/P & S/10/342.
(83)Tibet Conference:Final Memorandum,April 30,1914,IOR,L/P & S/10/344-1.
(84)Memorandum,March 28,1914,IOR,I/P & S/10/343.
(85)"Tibet and Adjacent Countries," 1914,哈佛大学图书馆藏。
(86)"India and Adjacent Countries," 1917,哈佛大学图书馆藏。
(87)A.Rose,"Chinese Frontiers of India," The Geographical Journal,Vol.39,No.3(1912).
(88)A.Bentinck,"The Abor Expedition:Geographical Results," The Geographical Journal,Vol.41,No.2(1913).
(89)F.M.Bailey,"Exploration on the Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra," The Geographical Journal,Vol.44,No.4(1914).
(90)《尼赫鲁总理给周恩来总理的信》(1959年9月26日),《中国和印度关于两国在中国西藏地方的关系问题、中印边界问题和其他问题来往文件汇编(1950年8月—1960年4月)》,中华人民共和国外交部1960年编印,第198页。