学术英语写作教师必备“评语库”

文献中的话未能恰当Paraphrase

Paraphrasing or summarising a reference is more than changing several words in a sentence   and including it in your work. While there are no strict rules, you should   use a direct quotation if you are using more than 4 or 5 exact words from a source. See http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/ for more information

不关注文字细节

In academic writing it is important to attend to detail (e.g. correct capitalisation) as mistakes will erode your credibility.

主观臆断

Academic writing is generally (but not always) is expressed using impersonal language that avoids the use of:

· personal pronouns e.g. "I", "we" , "our"

· personal judgements e.g. "I believe"

· emotive words e.g. "repulsive"

For more information see http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/2d.html or http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/4a.html

冗赘

It is usually a good idea to make your academic writing as concise as possible. You can often remove redundant words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The following resources will assist you:

• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/572/01/

• https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/6/9

How could this be written more concisely?

口语化表达

This is a colloquial expression and thus should be either placed in quotes or not used in academic writing.

不够客观

Formal academic writing generally focusses on the research rather than the   researchers e.g. "The results indicate…" rather than "We believe the results indicate …". You can however use the first person when referring to yourself or your co-researchers. See http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/15/ for more details.

未注明文献来源

You should have an intext reference here and a corresponding entry in your reference list.

抄袭

This appears to have been plagiarised from:

?--?

Plagiarism is a serious form of academic misconduct and there are serious consequences.  You should look at http://www.usq.edu.au/plagiarism/infostud/ to make yourself aware of:

· Plagiarism Explained

· Examples

· Avoiding Plagiarism

· Detection and Consequences

· Frequently-asked Questions

· Additional Resources

引用文字与作者观点无关联

Before you include a quote you must clearly say how or why it relates to your argument. A series of disconnected quotations will erode the strength of your argument.

滥用反问句

It is generally best not to use too many rhetorical questions in academic writing. You should be providing the answers supported by examples and evidence.

时态误用

Ensure that verb tense (past, present and future)  is consistent e.g. "My sister runs to work last Thursday"   should be "My sister ran to work last Thursday".

See

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/index.php?category_id=2&sub_category_id=2&article_id=63

or

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/index.php?category_id=2&sub_category_id=2&article_id=63

for exercises based on tense agreements

信息来源不可靠

This may be an unreliable source to support your argument. More reliable sources will strengthen your argument and less reliable or dubious sources can weaken your argument. More information on evaluating sources is available at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/553/01/

使用第一人称，显得不够客观

It is best not to use first person or personal opinions in academic writing. There is more information on this at: http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/2di.html

How could this be expressed without using the first person?

语域不正式

This would be better expressed using formal, technical or   specialised language that is typically used in academic writing. Technical language is often more precise and concise. How could you state this in a more technical way? For a comparison of formal and informal text see http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/2b.html and http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/2c.html

How could this be expressed in more formal academic language?

词语误用

See http://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/index.php?category_id=2&sub_category_id=1&article_id=48 for a list of commonly confused words

字数不达标

Your paper (excluding appendices and the references) should be within 10% above or below the suggested word length. It is a good idea to use the Word count function in your word processor and list the word count on the assignment cover page.

小标题后加句号

Points in a list or headings are generally not sentences and thus do not need a full stop.

缩写词误用

Acronyms are always capitalised e.g. CD-ROM, MSN. Some have slipped into the language to the extend that this no longer applies e.g. Qantas

第一次使用缩略语未给出全称

You should spell out this abbreviation in full the first time it is used.

不分段

You should use a blank line between paragraphs or indent first line of each paragraph so it is clear where the paragraph breaks are.

最终提交格式不正式

It is good to see the professional presentation of this assignment with a coverpage and table of contents based on styles.

封面缺失

It is generally worthwhile preparing a professional cover page that gives the name of the paper, the course, and your name. If you are given a word limit you should also include the number of words in the assignment (excluding appendices and references).

Using bullets or numbered lists is one way of introducing a little visual variety into your presentation and it makes is easier to quickly scan the document and see the structure.

未启用表格自动宽度设定

It is generally better to allow Word to automatically set table and column widths and heights. If you set absolute width and height some text may be hidden depending on the viewer's computer and fonts.

页眉、页脚、分页符

Please use headers, footers and page breaks in Word and this will mean that you will not have this type of problem.

打了很多空格而非使用标尺来进行段落首行缩进

It is best to use the margins within the Word ruler to control the indenting rather than add spaces or tabs to the start of the line.

小标题和下文分在两页显示

If you use PAGE BREAKS (INSERT > BREAK > PAGE BREAK)   and KEEP WITH NEXT (FORMAT > PARAGRAPH > LINE BREAKS > KEEP WITH   NEXT) in Word you will avoid these types of problems with pagination.

行距

In Word you should not press the "enter" key at the end of each line. To get double spacing use the FORMAT menu > PARAGRAPH > LINE SPACING

超链接

It is usually a good idea to make links clickable. In   Word you can do this by highlighting the text then INSERT > HYPERLINK or if the text is a fully formatted link starting with http:// you can just press space and the link will be automagically formed.

目录

If you use outline mode in Word (VIEW > OUTLINE) and headings you can get Word to automatically generate a Table of Contents (INSERT > REFERENCE > TABLES > TABLE OF CONTENTS) with page numbers and links.

分页符、分节符

Once you learn about page and section breaks in Word you   will not have this problem with things being on the wrong page.

图文混排

There are two main ways to positional images in the text in Word.

The first anchors it to a position on the page and the second floats up and down as you add to delete text … the second way (inline) is generally best and you can set this by Right clicking the picture >  FORMAT PICTURE > POSITION >   INLINE.  This will stop the text and the picture being in on top of each other.

使用标尺

Use of Tabs on the ruler in Word and/or setting the first line indent will avoid these types of problems.

使用Tab键排版

It is generally better to use the TABS on the ruler or even a table (with or without the border showing) to align elements in this type of layout.

使用列表

Using   the numbered and bulleted list structure in Word will help to make the   structure of your ideas easier to see. These also add to the visual interest   of the page and make the text much easier to read if it is ever put online.

使用表格

Using a table (with the borders hidden or shown) is one way of laying out multicolumn page layout within Word or controlling where information is shown on the page.

字数统计

If you have been given a word limit it is a good idea to show the number of   words (excluding cover page, references, appendices) on the cover page

段落过长，未分段

There are many separate ideas in this paragraph and this   makes it more difficult for the reader. The OWL has some good information on paragraphs at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/606/01/

http://www.usq.edu.au/learningcentre/alsonline/acwrite/parstruct or http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/effective/4.html and the following pages (click NEXT at the top right) are also worth looking at.

How would you break this into several paragraphs?

逻辑不通

The sentences in this paragraph are not logically ordered. Generally a topic sentence will be followed by sentences that elaborate or provide supporting evidence and end with a concluding sentence. See http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/effective/4.html for more information.

段落主旨不清晰

What is the main idea in this paragraph? The main idea should be in the topic sentence, which is generally the first sentence. After this, you can expand or support the idea with reference to the literature. Structuring your paragraphs in this way helps the reader to know what to expect and see where the augment is going. See http://www.usq.edu.au/learningcentre/alsonline/acwrite/parstruct for more ideas on paragraphs.

段落太短

Avoid   breaking paragraphs where there is no natural division in the thought.   Successions of extremely short paragraphs tend to fragment ideas and one-sentence paragraphs should generally be avoided. See http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/724/02 and http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/606/02

逗号的用法

Use a comma to separate items in a list of 3 or more items

e.g. remember apples, oranges, and bananas.

单引号、双引号嵌套

Use single quotes to signify the presence text that was quoted in the original quoted text

e.g. Smith (1999) found "the 'placebo effect',…"

双引号的用法

Use   double quote marks around text quoted directly from a source, to introduce an ironic comment, slang or coined expression, to surround the title if used in text, or mark materials used in a test.

句号的用法

Use   a period to complete a sentence, with Latin abbreviations (e.g. a.m.), or initials. Do not use periods with capital letter   abbreviations, web addresses, or measurement abbreviations.

缩略符的用法

This is an incorrect use of an apostrophe, which is used   to:

• to form possessives of nouns

• to show the omission of letters

• to indicate missing letters in a contraction e.g. "I'm" for "I am"

• to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters e.g. "mind your p's and q's"

The Purdue Online Writing Lab has a good explanation of these issues at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/566/ 01/  and exercises at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/3/3/10