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《经济学人》里有哪些精妙又漂亮的写作小词(11)

独霸上海的妖怪  · 公众号  ·  · 2020-12-02 09:19

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这周的「小词妙用」专栏我们来聊一聊小词 attribute 。关于attribute,大家最熟悉的用法是attribute sth to sth(把...归因于)。

我们在写议论文时经常需要进行因果分析,因而 attribute sth to sb/sth 这个用法的使用频率很高,大家需要熟练掌握。


No.1

attribute (v.)




attribute 作动词时,读作[əˈtrɪbjuːt]。它一般与介词to搭配使用:attribute ... to ...。有三层含义:

✏️ attribute sth t o sth
1. 表示 「把...归因于;认为...是由于」 ,英文释义为:to say or believe that sth is the result of a particular thing。

我们来看一些外刊例句。
《纽约时报》一篇关于电影《花木兰》的文章这样写道:
The Global Times attributed the film’s lackluster reception to what it called the movie’s “self-righteous depiction.”
《环球时报》将电影口碑欠佳归因于所谓“自我为是的刻画”。

再比如《金融时报》一篇关于中国互联网寒冬的文章曾提到,寒冬之下, 字节跳动员工收到的年终红包变小了,CEO是这样归因的:
In a memo urging staff to temper their disappointment, founder and chief executive Zhang Yiming attributed the smaller amounts to “external environment, industry competition and our own errors and deficiencies in management, decision making and implementation”.
在敦促员工克服失望情绪的邮件里,字节跳动创始人、首席执行官张一鸣将红包变小归因于“外部环境、行业竞争、以及我们自己的管理、决策、执行的失误和不足”。


再举一个简单的例子:
Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck.
女性往往把她们的成功归功于外因,如运气。

这个短语也常以被动形式出现,我们可以用句型 A is attrib uted to B. 表示「A被归因为B,A是因为B」。我们来看几个简单的例子:

每年有一千多人因酒驾而死亡。
Over 1000 deaths a year can be attributed to drunk driving.

车祸被归咎于刹车失灵。
The car accident was attributed to faulty brakes.

心脏病死亡人数的下降通常归因于日常饮食的改善。
The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.


attribute sth to sb / sth 还有 两个意思,这两个用法在议论文写作时不大用到,大家能记住意思即可。

2.表示 「认为…是…所说/所作等」 。比如:
This play is usually attributed to Shakespear.
人们通常认为这出戏剧是莎士比亚所写。

This poem is wrongly attributed to Li Bai.
这首诗被误认为是李白的作品。

3.表示 「把...品质归于某人,认为…具有… 的特性」 (to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality)
One should not attribute human motives to animals.
不应该认为动物也有人类的动机。

People were beginning to attribute superhuman qualities to him.
人们开始觉得他超人一等。



No.2

attributable adj.



attributable 为形容词,惯用搭配为 be attributable to sb/ sth ,表示「可归因于,可能由于」。

比如《经济学人》一篇关于高温的文章有这样一句话: Moreover, deaths are not usually directly attributable to heatstroke. Soaring temperatures just turn pre-existing conditions such as heart problems or lung disease lethal. 此外,死亡的直接原因往往不是中暑。高温只是加剧心脏病 或肺病等现有问题而造成致命危险。

再比如《经济学人》一篇关于数字医疗的文章有这样一句话: Many of the 250,000 deaths in America attributable to medical error each year can be traced to poorly co-ordinated care. 美国每年因医疗事故死亡的人数达 25 万,其中许多是因为治疗协调不佳。
这句话里的attributable to medical error each year 为形容词短语,作 the 250,000 deaths in America 的后置定语,可改写为定语从句:
Many of the 250,000 deaths in A meri ca (which are) attributable to medical error each year can be traced to poorly co-ordinated care.

这个搭配由动词短语 attribute sth to sth 延伸而来,两者的含义没有太大区别,仅 改变词性 就增加了文章词汇表达的多样性,我们也可以将这个思路运用到自己的写作中。



No.2

近义词组




我们再来看一些与 attribute sth to sth 意思相近的表达:

✏️put sth down to sth
表示「把...归因于...,认为...是由于...」 (If you put something down to a particular thing, you believe that it is caused by that thing) 。这个短语基本可以和attribute sth to sth同义替换。比如:
I put the children's bad behaviour down to the fact that they were tired.
我认为孩子们表现不好是因为他们累了。

At the end of the 19th century, when only 4-5% of American doctors were women, some men no doubt put this down to a lack of aptitude.
在19世纪末,美国医生中只有4-5%是女性,毫无疑问,一些男性认为这是因为缺乏资质。

✏️ owe sth to sb / sth
也表示「把...归因于;把...归功于」 ( to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb / sth)
比如: He owes his success to hard work. 他的成功是靠勤奋工作。

再比如我们以前讲过《经济学人》一篇关于相亲APP的文章 经济学人:恋爱中的经济学 ,文中有这样一句话:
Digital dating sites, including a growing array of matchmaking apps, are meant to help. Their design owes more to hard-nosed economics than it does to the mysteries of the heart. 数字交友网站,包括越来越多的婚介应用,目的就是为此提供帮助。比起神秘莫测的人心,它们的设计更多是凭借精明实际的经济学。


✏️ ascribe sth to sb/sth
表示「把…归因于;认为…是由于」 (to consider that sth is cau sed by a particular thing or person)
这个单词对很多同学来说比较陌生,我们可以从词根来记:
词根-scribe=to write in 记上一笔,把...记在...头上,即「认为...是由于...」。同根词还有describe。
我们来看一些例句:
He ascribed his failure to bad luck. 他认为自己的失败是运气不好。
The report ascribes the rise in childhood asthma to the increase in pollution. 这份报告认为儿童哮喘发病率上升是因为污染加剧。

上面3个短语都是中性词,后面既可跟好事,也可跟坏事。我们再来看两个带有感性色彩的表达:


✏️ credit A with B / credit B to A
表示「把...归功于...,认为是...的功劳」 (to believe or say that sb is responsible for doing sth, especially sth good) ,后面一般跟好事。
The staff are crediting him with having saved Hythe's life.
职员们称赞他救了海丝的命。
The 74-year-old mayor is credited with helping make Los Angeles the financial capital of the West Coast.
洛杉矶成为西海岸的金融中心,那位74岁的市长功不可没。
The invention of the industrial robot is credited to the company.
工业机器人的发明应归功于那家公司。

✏️ impute sth to sb / sth
也表示「把...归咎于」,尤其是指不公正地把责任等归咎于..., 后面一般跟坏事。 英文解释为to say, often unfairly, that sb is responsible for sth or has a particular quality。
They imputed the error to the lawyer who was handling her case.
他们把错误归咎于负责处理她案子的哪位律师。


No.2

attribute n.








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