传神的画作中，人物的身份背景往往一目了然，无需过分端详。而研究表明，人脸特征与社会经济地位有千丝万缕的联系。富贵还是贫贱？一张照片就能出卖你。
外貌协会新玩法，不看颜值看身家
译者：张鑫健
校对：王旻彦
导读&笔记：朱星汉
策划：朱小钊
Rich or poor? Your face might give it away
贫穷还是富有，看脸便知
本文选自
CNN
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Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s, the English artist David Hockney painted a series of "double portraits," two subjects depicted side by side -- of the fashion designer Ossie Clark with the textile designer Celia Birtwell; of the author Christopher Isherwood with the artist Don Bachardy; and one of his own mother and father, among others.
英国画家大卫·霍克尼从19世纪60年代末期到70年代创作了一系列“双人画”，画中两个人物在其他物体衬托下，并列排开。霍克尼曾经用这种方式，创作过时装设计师奥西·克拉克和布料设计师塞拉·布里特维尔的双人画，作家克里斯托弗·爱舍伍德和画家唐·贝查迪的双人画，还有一幅他自己双亲的双人画。
For nearly all of them, critics especially applauded Hockney's ability to convincingly paint faces, capturing both emotion and a sense of mysterious intimacy.
画评人对这一系列的作品欣赏有加，并且着重称赞了霍克尼刻画人物面部的技巧：在捕捉人物情感的同时，营造一种难以捉摸的亲切感，让人过目不忘。
The one exception to these sympathetic,
evocative
depictions, however, is a painting titled "American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)," in which the Weismans' faces are slightly blurred and blunted to appear similar to the statues behind them.
但在这些
引人共鸣的
画作中，却有一个例外，即《美国收藏家：弗莱德·威斯曼和玛西亚·威斯曼》（《American Collectors (Fred and Marcia Weisman)》）。霍克尼将画中两个人物的神情处理得有些模糊，难以看透，使他们的表情和身后的雕塑接近。
evocative
:
引起（愉快）回忆的；产生（美好）联想的；唤起（美好）感情的
bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind. E.g. Old photographs are evocatively displayed round the building. 建筑物四周陈列着一些勾人回忆的旧照片。
It's not an obviously negative portrayal, exactly, but to most viewers, it seems clear that Hockney perceived his subjects as flat and dull, their faces signifying their well-bred background and high social class but also their utter lack of original artistic
discernment
.
尽管这幅画中的批评意味有些隐晦，但大部分看客都清楚，霍克尼心目中认为这两个人物是单调无趣的。他们的面部神情，表明他们接受过良好的教育，身处上流社会，但难以掩盖他们天生缺乏艺术
鉴赏能力
的事实。
discernment
：识别能力;洞察力;鉴赏能力 the ability to make good judgments about people or about art, music, style etc. e.g. He shows great discernment in his choice of friends. 他选择朋友很有眼光。
The ability to convincingly and subtly depict social class through one's face alone is a rare skill -- not everyone can be David Hockney -- but the artist was also tapping into something more universal: Research suggests that the face alone might provide clues to someone's social class, especially for those who know how to look.
并不是人人都能像霍克尼那样恰到好处地通过刻画面部表情来体现人物所属的社会阶层
。但他作画方式背后的智慧却是人人都可以借鉴的，研究证明也表明，人的脸部会透露出他的社会状况，而且懂得观察的人能更容易地从面部读出这些信息。
No, poor people don't eat the most fast food
吃快餐的不一定都是穷人
Generally speaking, we pick up hints on a person's socioeconomic status by looking for more obvious markers, things that are buyable or learnable -- clothes, watches, comportment, manner of speech. (Just think of the line in The Great Gatsby when Jay Gatsby turns to Nick to proclaim that Daisy's "voice is full of money.") There are subtler, academically proven cues, too, like the fact that someone from a higher class tends to be more
disengaged
and aloof when dealing with someone from a lower one.
人们一般会通过寻找明显的标志，比如衣着，手表和谈吐举止等能花钱买到或者学到的东西来判断他人的社会地位与经济状况。比如在《了不起的盖茨比》中，盖茨比对尼克说，黛西“说话声音和点钞声一样悦耳”。但学术界也证明了，其他细微的迹象也能体现出人的社会阶层。比如人在和比自己地位低的人交谈时，会表现得更
散漫
，也更冷淡。
disengaged
：不受牵连的;不受约束的 emotionally detached. E.g. The students were oddly disengaged, as if they didn’t believe they could control their lives.
But a study recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
posits
that we really don't need any of these clues to know someone's social class: The face alone can be our guide.
一篇近期刊登在《人格与社会心理学杂志》的研究报告
认为
，
判断一个人所处社会阶级，以上的信息都是多余的，仅仅脸部就足以说明一切。
Posit
：认为，假定 put forward as fact or as a basis for argument. Posit som
ething on：base something on the truth of (a particular assumption) e.g.These plots are posited on a false premise about women’s nature as inferior.
How
rich people see the world differently
富人的世界观有何不同
"We know that people use facial information for a lot of other things," says lead study author Nicholas O. Rule, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto. We look at the face to make judgments on "someone's race, someone's sex, someone's age, and even more subtle things like sexual orientation, political affiliation, or religion. It seemed very logical to us, actually, that people would be able to get social class information from people by looking at their faces."
本篇报告的第一作者尼古拉斯·O·罗尔是来自多伦多大学的一位心理学教授，他说：“众所周知，人们会通过观察他人面部的信息来猜测他人的生活状况。”比如，有时候人能通过观察他人面部，推测出“该人的种族、性别、年龄，或者是更深层次的性取向、政治倾向或者宗教信仰。”他同时还指出：“人们都觉得，通过脸部来判断他人社会阶层是合情合理的。”
For their experiment, Rule and co-author R. Thora Bjornsdottir, a social psychology doctoral student at the University of Toronto, recruited 81 undergraduates to look at photographs of 80 Caucasian men and 80 Caucasian women between the ages of 18 and 35. The photos were sourced from dating websites from major U.S. cities, and the researchers removed all identifying signs from the faces -- cropping them, standardizing them in height, and putting them into grayscale.
罗尔和报告的第二作者，多伦多大学社会心理学博士生R·索拉·碧昂斯多蒂尔召集了81名大学生参加实验，并让他们观察80个白人男性和80个白人女性的照片。照片都来自美国各大城市约会网站，并且人物年龄均在18-35岁之间。实验人员抹去了照片人物脸部的所有提示性信息，将照片裁剪成同样尺寸，并且全都处理成了黑白色调。
All of the faces were also free of tattoos, piercings, or other markers. Importantly, the viewers -- described in the study as "perceivers" -- were shown an equal number of faces belonging to people who made over $150,000 a year (which the authors designated upper class) and under $35,000 a year (which the authors designated lower class).
照片中人物脸上也没有纹身、穿孔等其他痕迹。更重要的是，实验的观察人员，也就是报告中提到的“观察人”中一半人年收入高于15万美元（研究者将其归属为上层阶级），另一半人年收入低于3万五千美元（研究者将其归属为下层阶级）。
The perceivers were asked -- based on the photos of faces alone -- who belonged to which group. Impressively, they were able to sort the faces into the correct categories 68 percent of the time, significantly higher than chance. "I didn't think the effects would be quite as strong, especially given how subtle the differences [in the faces] are," Rule says. "That's the most surprising part of the study to me."
研究人员随后让观察人通过仅观察这些照片，来判断其中人物的收入状况。令人惊讶的是，他们判断的正确率高达68%，远高于将照片随机分组的概率。罗尔说：“我没有想过实验结果会这么好。人（面部）的差异太细微了，所以这样的结果让我很惊喜。”
Yes, you really do look like your name
人如其名，不是没有科学依据的
Curious as to how the undergraduates were able to complete the task so successfully, Rule and Bjornsdottir next isolated specific facial features that might be cuing income status and conducted another test. Mouths were found to be the best wealth cues, although eyes were a strong indicator of income as well. What the authors eventually discovered, however, was that more significant than any specific part of the face was the apparent happiness of the face as a whole. Even the subtlest signs of positivity in a face, they concluded, were strong indicators of a higher social class.
罗尔和碧昂斯多蒂尔都很想探明这些大学生是如何将实验完成得如此成功的。因此，他们单独摘出了照片中的某些可能透露收入状况的面部区域，进行了另一次实验。实验结果证明，嘴部是最能透露某人富有与否的器官，而眼睛也能有力地显示人收入的高低。但研究人员最后发现，相比于某一个器官，整张脸流露出的幸福感才是收入状况最有力的证明。他们总结道：“不管脸上流露出的乐观多细微，都能有力地证明照片人物来自较高的社会阶级。”
How poverty might change the brain
贫穷是怎么改变人的想法的？
"Once we figured out it was these subtle emotional expressions, it makes a lot of sense that the mouth would be showing most of that, because the mouth is what you mostly use, especially with positive emotions, like smiling," Rule says. The perceivers were also
homing in on
the eyes, because eyes, too, are strong indicators of happiness -- especially as indicators of repeated past happiness. "Crow's-feet around eyes refer to contractions of their reticular oculi muscles, which are activated when someone smiles," Rule explains.
罗尔说：“我们后来明白了，人们会把他人脸上的细微表情当作判断他生活状况的最主要依据。而同时，人在微笑或者是作出其他积极的表情时，用到最多的就是嘴。所以嘴部是最能说明人生活状况的。”那些观察照片的大学生也会将
注意力
放
在
人的眼睛上，因为眼睛也很能说明人是否幸福。人的眼睛甚至还会透露出往日的幸福程度。罗尔解释道：“人在微笑时候会带动眼部一系列轮匝肌运动，而轮匝肌运动次数多了以后，人的眼角便会产生鱼尾纹。”
Home in on
：1.to move or be aimed straight towards sb/sth. 2.to turn all your attention to sth (=focus on)
In other words: If someone has had a generally happy life, he or she will look happy even while maintaining a supposedly "neutral" facial expression. And, while it's a broad generalization, people with higher incomes do tend to live happier and less stressful lives than those with low ones. Someone who takes the time to look at a face will -- at a rate far better than chance -- be able to see this repeated happiness and therefore judge that person as being of a higher social class.
也就是说，如果你个人的生活一直都比较幸福，那么他/她即使在没有表情的时候，看上去比常人也要快乐一些。众所周知，高收入人群往往都比低收入人群生活得更开心，压力更小。而相比于随便一猜，如果我们仔细观察一个人的脸，就更容易发现鱼尾纹等痕迹是否存在，从而判断他所处社会阶级的高低。
To live longer, be rich
想长寿，先发财
To further prove this link, Rule and Bjornsdottir put photos of smiling faces in front of another group of volunteers. This time, faced with visibly happy faces rather than neutral ones, the perceivers weren't able to discern class any better than chance. Looking visibly happy, the researchers concluded,
obstructs
