目前数据库被扩展到三个主要的方向。第一,我们力图覆盖更多发展中国家(并非只是发达国家,这是早先的研究的主要关注点,主要原因是数据的可得性)。
近年来,许多新兴经济体发布了财政信息,包括中国、巴西、印度和南非。我们在本文中介绍了关于中国的一些发现。在不远的将来,
WID.world
将把其他国家的新的和已更新的序列纳入进来。
第二,我们计划提供更多关于财富
-
收入比率和财富分配的序列,而非只是关于收入的序列。第三,我们意图提供收入和财富分配的完整序列,从底层到上层,而非只包含上层份额。
长期的总目标是产生分配国民账户(
Distributional National Accounts
,
DINA
),也就是用与宏观经济国民账户相一致的收入与财富概念,提供对收入和财富分配的年度估计。通过这种方式,对增长和不平等的分析就可以在一个完全连贯的框架内进行下去。
收入不平等动态:美、中、法
我们首先在图
1
介绍了美、中、法(它大致能代表西欧模式)收入不平等动态的一些选取的结果。所有序列都遵循相同的
DINA
一般指导原则(
Alvaredo et al. 2016
)。我们以一种系统性的方式将国民账户、调查和财政数据结合起来,以估计税前国民收入(包括免税的资本收入和未分配利润)的完整分配。
我们观察到近几十年来美国和中国的上层财富份额大幅提高了,法国和英国则温和上涨。几个因素结合起来解释了这些不同的动态。首先,收入高度不平等和底层收入严重停滞自然能解释美国财富的高度不平等。其次,极不平等的私有化进程和中国家庭对公募股本资金和自有资金(
quoted and unquoted equity
)的接近,也许对中国财富集中度的快速提高发挥了重要作用,特别是对最上层的群体而言。房地产价格高涨可能产生的巨大的缓和作用也应当考虑在内。这种中产阶级效应可能在法国和英国尤其强烈,它们的房价相对于股票价格大幅上涨。
考虑到所有这些因素,很难预测所观察到的财富集中度增加的趋势是否会继续下去。
长期来看,稳态的财富不平等(
steady-state wealth inequality
)取决于不同收入和财富群体储蓄率的不均等,劳动收入和财富回报率的不平等,以及收入和财富税的累进程度。
数值模拟表明,这些结构参数相对较小的变化会引起稳态的财富不平等的极大变化(
see Saez and Zucman, 2016, and Garbinti, Goupille and Piketty, 2016
)。在我们看来,这种不稳定性凸显了提高收入和财富动态的民主透明度的必要性。
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