现在国际上最具有影响力的微生物组研究项目有:Human Microbiome Project (HMP),Metagenomics of Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT),Earth Microbiome Project (EMP)
随着HMP,MetaHIT,EMP的开展,科学家们积累了越来越多微生物组学的研究经验,也使得更多科研工作者投入到该领域的研究中。在人体中,肠道微生物结构最为复杂,是人类微生物组研究的焦点。基于临床资料和文献报道,本文重点讨论开展肠道微生物组研究最重要的环节,即样本采集。
1. 样本筛选
1.1 基本信息
(1)年龄:在18到65岁
(2)饮食:1周内未食用酸奶
(3)人群:该地区常住人口
(4)非孕妇,哺乳期妇女
1.2 药物
两个月内无抗生素,益生菌、益生元、合生元,铋碱式水杨酸盐药物的使用;无药物及酒精滥用
1.3 疾病
(1)胃肠道疾病:无炎症性肠病(IBD),肠易激综合症(IBS),胃肠炎、结肠炎或胃炎,胃肠道出血、溃疡,胃肠道息肉或包块或发育不良,其他原因的慢性或持续性便秘或者腹泻
(2)慢性及代谢性疾病:无高血压,糖尿病,心血管疾病,糖尿病,肥胖,肝硬化,脂肪肝,癌症
(3)感染:无急慢性细菌、真菌、病毒感染
(4)手术:无较大的胃肠道手术
【参考:1,11-14】
2. 材料准备
表1:耗材和仪器列表
| 产品 | 公司 | 货号 | 价格 |
便盆 | Fisherbrand™ Commode Specimen Collection System | Thermo | 02-544-208 | $216.09 / Case of 60
|
采集管 | Faeces container 76x20mm(label, sterile) | Sarstedt | 80.734.311 | ¥4.4 / Case of 1 |
分装管 | Glass Bead Tubes, 0.1mm | QIAGEN | 13118-50 | $145 / Case of 50 |
试剂盒 | DNeasy PowerLyzer PowerSoil Kit
| QIAGEN | 12855-50 或12855-100 | $274 / Case of 50 或 $514 / Case of 100 |
匀浆器 | PowerLyzer 24 Bench Top Bead-Based Homogenizer | QIAGEN | 13155 | $9,949 |
其他 | 冰,冰盒,称量仪器,分装管,自封袋,无菌牙签,-80度冰箱,一次性手套,干冰 |
【备注】
1. MOBIO在2017年已被QIAGEN收购
2. 试剂盒选择参考:
(1)大量的肠道微生物组学研究使用【参考:1-10】
(2)HMP,EMP protocol引用
3. 采集方法
3.1 标记
医生标记病人信息(姓名,编号,采样时间等)
3.2 准备
病人取便盆,粪便采集管,一次性手套,自封袋
3.3 粪便采集
(1)嘱咐病人先排尽尿,再用干净的便盆收集粪便,如:
【注意】避免尿液,厕所里的其他液体,纸等污染样本
(2)用粪便收集器的刮勺,取粪便内部葡萄或核桃大小(>2.5g)的粪便到收集器,如:
(3)拧上盖子,丢弃并冲走粪便,丢掉塑料袋,手套,洗手,尽快把样本交给医生
【注意】尽量减少粪便暴露在空气的时间(减少外界微生物污染,样本细菌扩增和DNA降解造成检测结果不准);采样过程在15分钟之内完成
3.4 分装
(1)用无菌牙签挑取内部粪便到分装管,6-10管,每管0.25g
(2)完成后立即放到-80度保存
【注意】整个分装过程在冰上完成;整个采样,分装过程在30分钟之内完成
3.5 保存和转移
-80度保存,转移用干冰
4. DNA提取
4.1 DNA提取
(1)向含样本的Glass Bead Tubes加Bead Solution,用涡旋仪或匀浆器均质化样本
(2)根据试剂盒说明书提取DNA
4.3 核酸定量及保存
(1)DNA浓度测定(A260/A280:1.8-2.0),凝胶电泳鉴定
(2)20/-80度保存
参考文献:
[HMP] Product Information and Hyperlink Updates for the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) Manual of Procedures (MOP) 19 July 2012
[HMP] Manual of Procedures for Human Microbiome Project Core Microbiome Sampling Protocol A HMP Protocol # 07-001 Version Number: 12.0 29 Jul 2010
[EMP] DNA Extraction Protocol (EMP, 2011); http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/empstandard-protocols/dna-extraction-protocol/
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