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外刊阅读20240705|睡眠不足对成绩的影响有多大?

考研英语外刊阅读  · 公众号  ·  · 2024-07-05 07:59

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词数:439 words

难度:★★★★☆


小贴士:

昨天那篇文章很多同学说以前英一考过类似的话题,其实当时选材的时候压根没发现这件事哈哈,看来平时选材、对考点话题的把握还是很到位的👍

——大橙子留


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上期划线句答案

This phenomenon is attributed to an effect known as "sequential grading bias," an unintended byproduct of the default alphabetical order of student submissions in widely used online learning management systems like Canvas, the platform examined in the study.

这种现象被归因于“连续评分偏差”效应,这是被大范围应用的在线学习管理系统(如研究中考察的帆布平台)中学生提交作业的顺序默认按字母顺序进行排列的一种无意的副产物。

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本期内容


双语阅读


Para.1


Neurons in the brain seldom act alone; they are highly interconnected and often fire together in a rhythmic or repetitive pattern. One such pattern is the sharp-wave ripple , in which a large group of neurons fire with extreme synchrony , then a second large group of neurons does the same and so on, one after the other at a particular tempo . These ripples occur in a brain area called the hippocampus , which is key to memory formation. The patterns are thought to facilitate communication with the neocortex , where long-term memories are later stored.



大脑中的神经元很少独自工作,它们之间高度关联,经常会以一种有节奏或重复的模式同时放电。其中一个典型的模式就是尖波波纹,即大量神经元以极高的同步度放电,接着另一群神经元也如此,以此类推,按特定的节奏依次发生。这些波纹活动发生在名为“海马体”的大脑区域,这个区域对于记忆的形成至关重要。科学家认为,这些模式有助于与新皮层进行沟通,而新皮层是后续存储长期记忆的地方。

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1. rhythmic

英/ ˈrɪðmɪk /美/ ˈrɪðmɪk /

adj.有节奏的,有韵律的;规律性发生的

n.韵律学(=rhythmics)

2. repetitive

英/ rɪˈpetətɪv /美/ rɪˈpetətɪv /

adj.重复乏味的;多次重复的

3. ripple

英/ ˈrɪp(ə)l /美/ ˈrɪp(ə)l /

n.涟漪;(外观或运动)如波纹的东西;(声音的)传播起伏,(感情的)逐渐扩散;连锁反应;彩条冰淇淋;表面张力波;脉动

v.(使)如波浪般起伏;(情绪)波动,(声音)荡漾;发出潺潺声

4. synchrony

英/ ˈsɪŋkrənɪ /美/ ˈsɪŋkrəni /

n.同步

5. tempo

英/ ˈtempəʊ /美/ ˈtempoʊ /

n.(运动或活动的)速度,节奏;(音乐的)节奏,拍子;(印度次大陆)轻型三轮货车

6. hippocampus

英/ ˌhɪpəˈkæmpəs /美/ ˌhɪpəˈkæmpəs /

n.海马体;马头鱼尾兽(希腊神话中的生物)

7. neocortex

英/ ˌniːəʊˈkɔːteks /美/ ˌniːoʊˈkɔːrteks /

n.新(大脑)皮质,皮层

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Para.2


Previous research found that, when these ripples were disturbed, mice struggled on a memory test. And when the ripples were prolonged , their performance on the same test improved, leading György Buzsáki, a systems neuroscientist at NYU Langone Health in New York City, who has been researching these bursts since the 1980s, to call the ripples a ‘cognitive biomarker’ for memory and learning.



先前的研究发现,当这些波纹受到干扰时,老鼠在记忆测试中的表现不佳。而当这些波纹持续时间延长时,它们在同一测试中的表现则有所改善。纽约市纽约大学朗格尼健康中心的系统神经科学家吉奥尔吉·布兹萨基自上世纪80年代以来一直在研究这些脉冲现象,他认为这些波纹可以作为记忆和学习的一种“认知生物标志”。

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1. struggle on

继续努力

2. prolong

英/ prəˈlɒŋ /美/ prəˈlɔːŋ /

v.拉长,拖长(感觉或活动);<罕>延长

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Para.3


Researchers also noticed that sharp-wave ripples tend to occur during deep sleep as well as during waking hours, and that those bursts during slumber seem to be particularly important for transforming short-term knowledge into long-term memories. These links between the ripples, sleep and memory are well-documented , but there have been few studies that have directly manipulated sleep to determine how it affects these ripples, and in turn memory, Diba says.



翻译划线句,在文末留言打卡,答案下期公布~ 这些波纹、睡眠和记忆之间的联系已有充分记录,但迪巴表示,直接操控睡眠从而确定它如何影响这些波纹进而影响记忆的研究还很少。

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1. slumber

英/ ˈslʌmbə(r) /美/ ˈslʌmbər /

n.睡眠;麻木状态;静止状态

vi.睡眠;蛰伏;麻木

vt.睡眠;睡着度过

2. well-documented

英/ ˌwel ˈdɒkjumentɪd /美/ ˌwel ˈdɑːkjumentɪd /

adj.证据充分的

3. manipulate

英/ məˈnɪpjuleɪt /美/ məˈnɪpjuleɪt /

v.操纵,摆布;操作,使用;正骨,推拿;篡改;巧妙地移动(某物),巧妙地处理(某事);校正,转移(储存在计算机上的信息)

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Para.4


To understand how poor sleep affects memory, Diba and his colleagues recorded hippocampal activity in seven rats as they explored mazes over the course of several weeks. The researchers regularly disrupted the sleep of some of the animals and let others sleep at will. To Diba’s surprise, rats that were woken up repeatedly had similar, or even higher, levels of sharp-wave-ripple activity than the rodents that got normal sleep did. But the firing of the ripples was weaker and less organized, showing a marked decrease in repetition of previous firing patterns. After the sleep-deprived animals recovered over the course of two days, re-creation of previous neural patterns rebounded, but never reached levels found in those which had normal sleep.



为了了解睡眠不足如何影响记忆,迪巴和他的同事们记录了几周内七只小鼠在迷宫探索过程中的海马区活动。研究人员定期干扰了部分动物的睡眠,而让其他动物自由入眠。令迪巴感到惊讶的是,被多次唤醒的老鼠,其尖波波纹活动的水平与正常睡眠的小鼠相似,甚至更高。但这些波纹的放电却更弱且缺乏组织性,显示出先前放电模式的重复显著减少。在睡眠剥夺的动物经过两天的恢复后,它们重新生成了先前的神经模式,但再未达到正常睡眠动物的水平。

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1. maze

英/ meɪz /美/ meɪz /

n.迷宫;走迷宫(一种儿童游戏);错综复杂的事物;纵横交错的小街(或小道等);迷惑,糊涂

v.使发昏,使迷惑

2. rodent

英/ ˈrəʊd(ə)nt /美/ ˈroʊd(ə)nt /

n.啮齿目动物(如老鼠等)

adj.(与)啮齿动物(有关)的

3. repetition

英/ ˌrepəˈtɪʃ(ə)n /美/ ˌrepəˈtɪʃ(ə)n /

n.重复,重说,重做;重做的事,重说的话;重复的事物,复制品;(乐)(章节或音节的)反复;<古>教师指定的背诵材料

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Para.5








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