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低碳生酮如何影响生殖、肌肉、肠道…… | 2022科研亮点回顾3

野兽生活  · 公众号  ·  · 2023-01-17 17:03

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到目前为止,低碳生酮饮食仍是一个充满争议的话题,有不少医学专家公开支持,但也有很多质疑和反对的声音。


那么,科学研究怎么说?在2022年,低碳生酮饮食相关科学研究又有哪些亮点?科研文献中,这样的饮食模式有着怎样的益处和潜力,又有怎样的争议和局限性?


为了回答这些问题,我们推出了系列科普文章,力求用通俗易懂的语言,跟大家一起回顾2022年低碳生酮相关的科学研究,今天是系列文章的第三篇。


经常有传言说,低碳生酮饮食会影响女生大姨妈、男生睾酮,会掉肌肉,影响肠道菌群等……


今天,我们就看看2022年的科学研究中 ,低碳生酮对生殖健康、肌肉体能、免疫系统、肠道健康等到底有着怎样的影响。



实际上,2022年的不少研究表明,低碳生酮饮食可能改善生殖健康。


对男性来说,多项研究显示, 低碳生酮饮食有助于提高睾酮水平,改善「性腺功能减退症」相关症状。


例如,意大利科研团队发表的对照试验显示,与地中海饮食组相比,极低热量生酮饮食组患者不仅泌尿系统、生活质量有显著改善,而且在射精疼痛和性功能障碍方面也有显著改善。


而且,极低热量生酮饮食组患者服药需求降低、体重下降幅度也更大。



此外,一项系统综述与荟萃分析显示,无论是常规生酮饮食,还是极低卡路里生酮饮食,都可以提高男性睾酮水平。


而且,受试者年龄越大、生酮后减肥越多,对睾酮的改善效果越好。



其他研究也表明,极低卡路里生酮饮食可以快速提高男性睾酮水平,尤其是患者存在肥胖相关的性腺功能低下的情况下。


值得留意的是,也有研究认为,当「低碳水」定义为碳水占能量摄入<35%,同时高蛋白的饮食模式,并且排除显著减肥人群的话,可能会降低男性睾酮水平。


不过,在大多数研究中,正确执行的低碳生酮饮食有助于减肥,并提高男性睾酮水平。



对女性来说,2022年发表的多项研究显示, 生酮饮食有助于改善多囊卵巢综合征,优化排卵功能,同时有效减肥,改善代谢健康。


多囊卵巢综合征是女性最常见的内分泌疾病,临床表现为少排卵或无排卵、高雄激素血症和多囊卵巢,通常与胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常和肥胖并存,还具有心血管和代谢后遗症的重大风险。


对照试验研究显示,与低热量地中海饮食相比,生酮饮食对多囊卵巢综合征的各项指标有更大的改善。


此外,北京世纪坛医院白文佩教授团队发表的病例报告研究显示,生酮饮食还可能改善老年肥胖女性的压力性尿失禁。



一直有传言认为,低碳生酮会导致肌肉严重流失,造成肌少症,运动体能下降等。实际上,2022年发表的多项研究都不支持这样的说法。


大多数研究表明, 遵循低碳生酮饮食的运动者,体重、体脂肪都有显著降低。


而对肌肉、体能的影响,对没有运动基础的人群来说,低碳生酮饮食,尤其是与运动结合的情况下,可以让瘦体重、运动体能水平都得到更好的保持,甚至提高。


例如,意大利科研团队发表的研究显示,在没有刻意进行体育运动的情况下,通过45天的极低卡路里生酮饮食,肥胖女性群体不仅体重显著减轻、炎症水平降低,连肌肉力量也增加了。



其他研究指出,尤其对衰老或疾病人群来说, 生酮饮食有利于改善骨骼肌线粒体质量和功能。


而对运动经验比较丰富的人群来说,系统综述和荟萃分析研究指出,只要保持卡路里盈余,低碳生酮饮食对肌肉肥大的改善效果 (也就是增肌训练效果) 并不比其他饮食差。


一些研究表明,在4-12周充分适应生酮饮食后,受试者在体育运动中的瘦体重、力量、耐力和表现都得以保持或提高。



多项研究显示,高碳水饮食并不能给运动体能表现带来额外益处,对耐力训练、力量训练都是如此。


研究人员指出, 低碳水饮食可以改善运动员代谢灵活性, 充分适应后,高强度运动保持体能水平可以并不依赖高碳水饮食。



也有部分研究显示,遵循低碳生酮饮食后,受试者运动体能表现会下降,但通常与适应期较短、卡路里摄入过低等情况有关。


此外,2022年,多项研究显示,生酮饮食有助于保护骨骼关节和肌肉功能,降低炎症水平,改善慢性疼痛。


例如,Virta团队发表的对照研究显示, 生酮饮食可显著改善2型糖尿病患者的膝关节疼痛和功能。


研究人员指出,膝关节功能的改善可能是由于中心性肥胖和炎症的减少。



其他研究也显示,生酮饮食和限时饮食 (轻断食) 等饮食方案可以降低炎症、保护肌肉功能、减轻疼痛、改善慢性疼痛患者的生活质量。



一直有传言认为,低碳生酮饮食膳食纤维吃得少,不利于肠道菌群。实际上,低碳生酮饮食不一定膳食纤维吃得少。而且,2022年发表的多项研究也不支持这样的说法。


2022年的最新研究表明,生酮饮食可能通过肠道微生物组的改变,为癫痫、阿尔茨海默病、自闭症谱系障碍和肥胖症等疾病患者带来健康益处。


研究人员指出, 生酮饮食可能减少与促炎反应相关的变形杆菌的肠道定植。


此外,生酮饮食增加拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门 (B/F) 的比例,并在某些情况下减少变形菌门,这对肥胖个体特别有益。而且, 生酮饮食还可能增加其他有益肠道微生物的水平,如普雷沃氏菌。



其他研究指出, 生酮饮食通过肠道菌群的变化,对缓解和减轻2型糖尿病和炎症性肠病等具有潜在作用。



2022年的科学研究文献里,我们看到了低碳生酮饮食的种种益处和潜力,也看到了各种争议和质疑,更看到了这样的饮食方案正在被更多人关注,也有了越来越完整的图景。


低碳生酮饮食既不是洪水猛兽,也不是万能灵药,更不能包治百病、天下无敌,它只是一种具有很大健康潜力的饮食模式。


至少对一部分人来说,如果充分学习、正确执行,低碳生酮饮食很可能给我们带来健康益处。


2023年,我们期待更多高质量研究,让大家看到更清晰的图景、更具体的操作方案和避坑指南。


也希望某些专家、健康自媒体和网红博主们多看看真实的科学研究,不要凭借「想当然」的思维定式来妖魔化低碳生酮饮食和轻断食。


—畅所欲言时间—

22年,低碳生酮给你带来了哪些变化吗?

有哪些科学研究让你印象深刻吗?

欢迎在评论区留言,分享给大家~


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