公众号”独霸上海的妖怪“写作专栏的第二期来啦,第一期内容和专栏简介
见
如何通过《经济学人》积累地道实用的写作句型?
。
无论是国内的考研、四六级作文,还是国外的雅思、托福作文,都会涉及到议论文的写作,而因果分析正是几乎每篇议论文都会使用的论证手段。许多同学一谈到因果,脑子里就只能想到because, so, cause, lead to等基础词汇,语言十分苍白单一。《经济学人》、《纽约时报》、《金融时报》等外刊的资深记者会使用哪些表达呢?我
精挑细选了一些十分地道、实用,但难度不高、易于模仿的句型,
我们来一起学习一下。
1.
be responsible for sth / be to blame for sth
这两个短语本义是“对…负责,为…承担责任”,可引申为“引起,导致”,是一个很形象的表达,后面往往跟不好的结果。比如《经济学人》一篇关于巴基斯坦的文章标题这样写道:
Parkistan's army
is to blame for
the poverty of the country's 208m citizens.
我们再来看一个简单的例子:
Cigarette smoking
is responsible for
about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
因患肺癌而死亡者,约90%是吸烟所致。
这句话可以替换
Cigarette smoking
leads to/causes
about 90% of deaths from lung cancer.
再举一个教育类话题的例子:
Parents’ unhealthy lifestyle, such as gambling and drug-taking,
has to be responsible for
the increase in the number of juvenile delinquents.
这句话也可以写成
Parents’ unhealthy lifestyle, such as gambling and drug-taking,
is to blame for
the increase in the number of juvenile delinquents.
2.
be linked to sth / be associated with sth/ be related to sth
这三个短语本来是“与…有关”的意思,也可以用于表示 “导致…,引起…”,是一种比较委婉的表述方式,简单、地道又好用。比如《纽约时报》一篇关于中国雾霾的文章有这样一句话:
Air pollution
is linked to
miscarriage in China.
这句话的潜台词是在中国,空气污染会导致流产。
再比如《经济学人》一篇关于健康员工的文章有这样一句话:
这段话中A is associated with B和A is linked to B都可以表示“导致,引起”,列出原因A和结果B。
再比如我们在精读社学过一篇关于空调的文章,里面有这样一句话:
For children, air-conditioned
classrooms and dormitories
are associated with
better grades at school.
对于儿童而言,他们成绩的提高与教室和宿舍安装空调相关。
《纽约时报》一篇评论
996
的文章在讨论过度加班的后果时
同时使用了
be associated with sth, be linked to sth两个短语
:
The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention has also warned that putting in extra hours
is
associated with
poorer health, including weight gain and higher alcohol and tobacco
use, and increased injury, illness and even mortality. Health researchers have found
that overwork
is linked to
a higher risk of heart disease and stroke.
学习完上述外刊例句后,我们来试着
翻译下面这句话:
全球气候变暖不仅会
导致
野生动物的死亡,还会
造成
种植业产量下降。
In addition to
being responsible for
the death of wild animals, global warming
is linked with
the drop of cultivation yield.
某个社会现象背后往往有多种原因,有时我们需要一条一条展开分析,这时很多同学想到的是There are many reasons for… The first one is… The second one is…这类模板化的表达。有哪些
地道又灵活的小词和句型,能让考官眼前一亮呢?我在外刊中提炼了5个分析多个原因的句型,我们一起来看:
1..
Reasons abound for…, one of which is…
abound是外刊中的常客,用于形容“事物之多”。 句型
Reasons abound for…, one of which is…
便表示“导致…的原因很多,其中之一就是….”。
我们来造两个句子:
导致工资不平等的原因有很多,其中之一就是企业间缺乏竞争:
Reasons abound for
wage inequality,
one of which is
the dearth of competition among firms
.
网红经济的迅速成长原因之一在于新一代年轻人对网络名人的喜爱:
Reasons abound for
the boom of Internet celebrity economy,
one of which is
digital native generation’s preference for internet celebrities.
2.
Several factors seem to be at play in sth. sth is part of the story.
短语at play表示“造成影响,产生作用”,A is at play in B字面意思是“A在B这件事上产生了作用”,换句话说,“A导致了B”。该句型提炼自《经济学人》一篇关于异地婚姻的文章,我们来看一下原文:
Several factors seem to be at play in
the trend of today’s marrieds increasingly living apart. Technology is
part of the story.
当今,越来越多的已婚夫妇开始分居,有多重因素引发了这一趋势,其中,技术是原因之一。
3.
A few factors contribute to sth. Chief among them is sth.
contribute to sth也可以替换lead to sth / cause sth表示“促成,导致“,这句话的意思是“促成…的因素有许多,其中主要的是…” ,
比如
A few factors contribute to
juvenile delinquency.
Chief among them is
violence in the home.
4.
Many factors conspire to do sth. A big one is sth.
conspire是“密谋,合谋”的意思,引申为“共同导致“。这句话的意思是“许多因素共同导致了…其中一大原因是…”,提炼自《经济学人》一篇讨论移民家庭语言教学的文章:
Yet
many factors conspire to
ensure that children still lose their parents’ languages, or never learn them.
A big one is
institutional pressure. A child's time spent with a second language is time not spent on their first.
但在各种因素同时作用下,孩子们仍然不能完全通晓父母的母语,抑或永远都学不会。一个大因素就是制度性压力。如果一个孩子的时间花在第二语言上那么讲母语的时间就肯定少了。
5.
There are myriad reasons for sth. Chief among them is sth.
形容词myriad表示“无数的,大量的”,这句话的意思是“造成…的原因有很多,其中最主要的是…”,比如谈到全球气候变暖,我们可以这样引出原因:
There are myriad reasons for
global warming.
Chief among them
are carbon dioxide emissions.
以上是外刊进行原因和结果分析时经常使用的地道表达。
除此之外,我还从《经济学人》里收集了关于教育、终身学习、科技、环境污染、经济发展、人口老龄化等
常考话题的高频短语
,可以用
地道又高级
的表达替换掉市面上泛滥的模板,告别中式英语。