Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging desalination technology powered by low-grade thermal energy. This paper presents the multi-objective optimal design of the membrane distillation desalination plant. The heat sources are supercritical CO
2
(sCO
2
) Brayton cycle waste heat and geothermal energy. Multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming models are developed to optimize the integrated systems' design and operating conditions based on economic and environmental metrics. The models consider the simultaneous optimization of water production costs (wpc) and environmental impacts (wpei). The environmental performance is quantified through a life cycle assessment using the widely used ReCiPe 2016 method, enabling the identification of the main environmental hotspots throughout the plant's life cycle. Our methodology demonstrates the sustainability of MD desalination plants through various case studies. The results indicate that an appropriate MD system design can significantly reduce the environmental burden with a slight increase in cost. For the sCO
2
-MD scenario, a cost-effective design can achieve a minimum wpc of 0.758 $/m
3
and a minimum wpei of 0.172 Pt/m
3
in an environmentally friendly design. A balanced design can reduce the environmental impact by 31.30% with a slight cost increase of 4.48% compared to a cost-effective design. The minimum wpc and minimum wpei for the geothermal MD (GTMD) scenario are 412.27% and 215.94% higher, respectively, compared to the sCO
2
-MD scenario. Moreover, reducing the wpei of the GTMD system is also more expensive, requiring a 10.67% increase in cost to reduce the environmental impact by 21.65%.
Keywords
Membrane distillation
Multi-objective optimization
Economic-environmental evaluation
Water-energy nexus
