Studies on the determinants of entrepreneurship emphasize that challenged adults tend to become entrepreneurs. However, research has not addressed the childhood origins surrounding the propensity for entrepreneurship. This article links childhood adversity to the propensity of individuals to become migrant entrepreneurs later in life. We test hypotheses derived from this theory in the context of whether, and when, children who survived the Great Chinese Famine of 1959-1961became migrant entrepreneurs. Results strongly indicate that those who survived greater hardship during the Famine are more likely to become entrepreneurs, especially when they were younger during the famine years. We also find that being younger at the time of migration increased the likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs in their new locale. Overall, this study casts light on why, how and when childhood adversity shapes the propensity for entrepreneurship.
参考文献：Cheng, Z., Guo, W., Hayward, M., Smyth, R., & Wang, H. (2021). Childhood adversity and the propensity for entrepreneurship: A quasi-experimental study of the Great Chinese Famine. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106063.
Prior research on social entrepreneurship highlights the role and importance of values in managing change, yet few studies examine processes of managing values to achieve social change. Through a longitudinal case study of the social organization Barefoot College, we explored how a social entrepreneur navigated conflicting values to address issues of gender in-equality and effect social change. We found that the social entrepreneur engaged in values-related work, purposively interpreting and enacting values-laden practices to bring about a quiet transformation within the community. In our resulting value augmentation model, we capture a process that anchors and amplifies social values, rather than replaces them, and with this model, we develop theory on values work and sustainable social change.
参考文献：Chatterjee, I., Cornelissen, J., & Wincent, J. (2021). Social entrepreneurship and values work: The role of practices in shaping values and negotiating change. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106064.
We study how globalization can differentially affect financial inclusion through the lens of microfinance. Based on an institutional logics perspective, we argue that MFIs embody both social logic and market logic with regard to provision of affordable microfinance loans. Specially, social logic is amplified by greater social globalization and the stronger presence of nonprofit organizations(NPOs) in the microfinance industry. In contrast, economic globalization catalyzes MFIs' market logic, leading to weaker or greater affordability of microfinance, depending on the relative strength of the profit-maximizing motive and real competition. We test these predictions by focusing on MFI interest-rate setting and using longitudinal data from 2030 MFI observations across 50 countries from 2002 to 2012. We find that country-level social globalization measure is negatively associated with the average MFI loan interest rates and that country-level economic globalization measure has an inverse U-shaped relationship with the average MFI loan interest rates. These results support our hypotheses and suggest a more nuanced view on how globalization affects affordability of microfinance.
参考文献：Sun, S. L., & Liang, H. (2021). Globalization and affordability of microfinance. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106065.
Entrepreneurs often face the daunting task of predicting consumer demand before it exists-what consumers will want if and when the entrepreneur might make it available to them. Such alertness and judgment require an entrepreneur's vicarious imagination-the supposition of what a value experience would be like for another-such as empathy. Prevailing theories of empathy, however, are ill-suited for entrepreneurship theory as they are defined as and focused on an emotion-matching process. We propose that empathy be understood instead as a vicarious mental simulation of another's experience that, when accurate, produces similar emotions but also similar experiential knowledge. According to our ' simulated empathy theory,' empathy is a rational imagination process, intentional and knowledge-based. We connect this empathy process to contemporary entrepreneurship theory, namely opportunity recognition and evaluation processes. We also revise the concept of empathic accuracy accordingly, and derive therefrom some practical implications regarding how entrepreneurs can increase their empathic accuracy and, thereby, their chances of success.
参考文献：Packard, M. D., & Burnham, T. A. (2021). Do we understand each other? Toward a simulated empathy theory for entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106076.
Drawing on impression management and social exchange theory, we examine the use of positively biased forecasts by (non-)founder-CEOs as an impression management tactic vis-`a-vis their existing investors. Contrary to their non-founder counterparts, founder-CEOs identify more with the venture they founded and, therefore, experience greater instrumental and affective concerns about the long-term relationship with their investors. Consequently, we hypothesize that founder- CEOs will strategically provide less positively biased forecasts to their investors than non-founder- CEOs. Using two independent samples with revenue forecasts reported to different venture capital investors and a causal chain scenario study consisting of two experiments, we find consistent support for our hypothesis. Overall, this study provides new insights into the use of forecasts as a post-investment impression management tactic by distinct types of CEOs in entrepreneurial ventures.
参考文献：Collewaert, V., Vanacker, T., Anseel, F., & Bourgois, D. (2021). The sandwich game: Founder-CEOs and forecasting as impression management. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106075.
The entrepreneurial teams that form around university-based technologies influence whether and how those technologies are commercialized. Past research has emphasized the roles of external actors, such as technology transfer officers or investors, in managing the evolution of academic startup teams. But less is known about how individual scientist-inventors form their initial teams. To explore that process, we conducted longitudinal interviews with nine scientist-inventors leading nascent startups at major U.S. universities. Our analyses revealed that these scientists were working with a more extensive set of commercially-relevant knowledge and network connections than past research has accounted for. In fact, the scientists had their own "lay theories" of academic entrepreneurship that encompassed team-specific ideas as well as broader ideas about how their technologies ought to be commercialized. We identified four "design principles" capturing key variations in what the scientists hoped to achieve through their teams: control, scope, entitativity, and dynamism. We further found these principles clustered into three distinct commercialization models, which we called Lab, Gig and Enterprise. Finally, we elaborated the models' implications for the scientists' team formation strategies, the sources through which they identified new members, and their approaches to dealing with administrators and investors. Our findings change what we know about nascent academic startups by showing how scientists play a critical internal role alongside, prior to, and sometimes instead of the external drivers of team formation whose roles have been more extensively documented.
参考文献：Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., Forbes, D. P., Sapienza, H. J., & Borchert, P. S. (2021). Lab, Gig or Enterprise? How scientist-inventors form nascent startup teams. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106074.
A substantial body of research examines entry into and exit from self-employment. However, little is known about the career patterns of the self-employed, their transitions into and from self-employment and the success associated with different patterns of their careers. To address these issues, we examine the career patterns of individuals with self-employment experience and their relationship to objective and subjective career success using data from the German Household Panel(SOEP). Our results show that persistent self-employment careers have higher gross labor income and exhibit higher job and life satisfaction than all other self-employment career patterns.
参考文献：Koch, M., Park, S., & Zahra, S. A. (2021). Career patterns in self-employment and career success. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1),105998.
This study aims to explain the interplay between business founders' work design and new venture development. Our qualitative research reveals that founders' work design differs in terms of unsettled and settled work. In unsettled work, founders redesign their work to serve the needed changes in their new ventures. In settled work, founders, who develop a commitment to their self-created work, often maintain rather than change their work, regardless of the potentially needed changes in the new ventures. Our findings suggest that founders work has a subtle structure that results in direct, day-to-day experience that is integral in shaping new ventures.
参考文献：Hsu, R. S., Chuang, A., & Wang, A. C. (2021). Business founders' work design and new venture development. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1),106000.
Entrepreneurship has become an attractive career option for both the young and the old, but age has not been thoroughly examined as a variable of interest among entrepreneurship scholars. In this review, we present 12 theoretical perspectives regarding the effect of age on entrepreneurs' success and our critiques. We then present results of an exploratory meta-analysis with effect sizes from 102 samples. The results show that age has a weak, positive linear relationship with overall entrepreneurial success, but it does exhibit signs of a U-shaped relationship, with the relationship being negative among younger samples but positive among older samples. The positive effect size becomes more pronounced when more females are included in the sample. The effect size of age does not differ by entrepreneurs' tenure running the firm. In terms of the type of success measures, age has a negative effect on growth but a positive effect on subjective success, firm size, and financial success, and no effect on survival. We compare our results with previous meta-analyses on employees' age to show the uniqueness of entrepreneurs' careers and we offer suggestions for future studies.
