纽约时报：孙杨被禁赛八年，冤吗？|外刊精读

写在前面

本周的精读文章节选自《纽约时报》2月28日一篇关于孙杨被禁赛8年的文章。文章阐述了该事件大致的来龙去脉，并且运用了大量地道表达和熟词僻义， 值得大家认真阅读。

我在讲解时也补充了来自《经济学人》以及流行美剧的例句，帮助大家从不同的语境中理解和记忆词汇，提高学习效率。

外刊原文

大家先独立阅读原文，有读不懂的地方不要紧，后面会有详细的讲解。

Sun Yang, Chinese Olympic Swimmer, Gets 8-Year Doping Ban

Sun Yang, the three-time Olympic swimming champion from China, was suspended from competition for eight years for a drug-testing violation, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on Friday, a decision that will keep him out of the Tokyo Olympics this year and most likely end his career.

Sun, 28, a six-time Olympic medalist and the first Chinese man to win a swimming gold medal at the Games, had been fighting a multiyear battle with the World Anti-Doping Agency to preserve his eligibility in international competition.

WADA brought a complaint against Sun, currently China’s most famous athlete, to the court after swimming’s international governing body declined to penalize him for refusing to cooperate with three antidoping officials who had traveled to his home in China to retrieve blood and urine samples.

During that confrontation in September 2018, Sun argued with the testers and his mother ordered a security guard to break his blood-sample vials with a hammer. Sun declined to submit a urine sample.

A panel unanimously found “to its comfortable satisfaction” that Sun had violated rules governing efforts to tamper with doping procedures, the Switzerland-based Court of Arbitration for Sport said in a statement.

“The athlete failed to establish that he had a compelling justification to destroy his sample collection containers and forgo the doping control when, in his opinion, the collection protocol was not in compliance,” the court said.

The ban is the first imposed on a Chinese sports figure as influential as Sun, who is a national hero on a par with the country’s former basketball star Yao Ming.

This appears to be the biggest Chinese doping scandal since more than 30 of the country’s swimmers were caught using banned substances in the 1990s and 40 of its 300 athletes were withdrawn by Chinese authorities from competing at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, a number of them for suspicious blood-test results.

Those removed from the 2000 Games included Ma Junren, the controversial distance running coach, whose athletes supposedly trained on a regimen of a marathon a day and diets of turtle soup and worm fungus.

The reaction from Chinese fans to Friday’s court ruling was immediate and furious. Social media platforms were flooded with messages of support for the swimmer and anger at the decision, which many described as anti-Chinese and designed to harm the country.

“This is unfair. I firmly believe in my innocence,” Sun told Xinhua, the Chinese state-run news agency. “I will definitely appeal to let more people know the truth.”

His options, however, appear to be limited. Should he take his case to the Swiss federal court, the appeal would be limited to whether procedures were properly followed and perhaps whether the punishment was proportionate.

Sun, who contended the testers had been unprofessional and lacked the proper paperwork, had received only a warning from a tribunal from FINA, swimming’s governing body. WADA, the antidoping agency, appealed that decision, arguing for stronger penalties.

The court said that while athletes might have grounds to question the accreditation of testing personnel, the destruction of samples — an act that would prevent testing at a later date — in defiance of warnings about the consequences was not acceptable.

At the November hearing before the Court of Arbitration for Sport, translation issues marred the proceedings, and a new confrontation erupted — between Sun’s mother and opposing lawyers during cross-examination.

WADA said on Friday that it “welcomes the ruling.”

Sun is disdained by some fellow swimmers because of concerns about doping — he was suspended for three months by the Chinese swimming authorities in 2014 after he tested positive for a recently banned prescription drug — and several rivals verbally sparred with him at the world championships last July or refused to stand on the medals podium with him after races.

Sun won the 400- and 1500-meter freestyles at the London Games in 2012 and the 200 freestyle in Rio in 2016. He has three other Olympic medals and 16 from the world championships, including 11 gold.

外刊精读

Sun Yang, the three-time Olympic swimming champion from China, was suspended from competition for eight years for a drug-testing violation, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on Friday, a decision that will keep him out of the Tokyo Olympics this year and most likely end his career.

• suspend [səˈspend] 指因为违规而“使…暂时停职/停学” (to officially prevent sb from doing their job, going to school, etc. for a time) 。 小结一下“被禁赛8年”的表达方式：

• get 8-year doping ban

• be suspended from competition for eight years

• 《卫报》的新闻标题用到的是：be banned for eight years 注意新闻标题为了简洁，会省略be动词等虚词。

  

• arbitration [ˌɑː.bɪˈtreɪʃən] 为不可数名词，指“仲裁，公断” (the official process of settling an argument or a disagreement by sb who is not involved) 。 动词形式为 arbitrate 。

• rule 作动词指“决定，裁决，判决” (to give an official decision about sth) 。名词形式为 ruling 。再扩展一个高频表达 rule out ，表示“把…排除在外，不予考虑” (to state that sth is not possible or that sb / sth is not suitab) ，相当于exclude。

  

• 这句话里a decision是前文Sun Yang, the three-time Olympic swimming champion from China, was suspended from competition for eight years for a drug-testing violation, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on Friday这一事件的同位语，对其进行总结。decision后面是that引导的定语从句，修饰decision。我们在精读社里详细讲过这种高频出现的 同位语+定语从句 的组合结构，老学员可以复习一下。

Sun, 28, a six-time Olympic medalist and the first Chinese man to win a swimming gold medal at the Games, had been fighting a multiyear battle with the World Anti-Doping Agency to preserve his eligibility in international competition.

• medalist medal指“奖牌”，medalist指“奖牌获得者”。

• fight a battle with sb 表示“与…战斗”。 fight a multiyear battle with 指“多年来都在与...争斗”。

• doping 指在体育比赛中“使用违禁药物”。 dope test 指“药物检测”。

• eligibility [,elidʒə'biləti] 指“适合性，适任性” (If you're qualified for something or allowed to take part in it, you have eligibility) 。我们在 《经济学人》一篇关于在线教育的文章 学过这样一句话： It was originally intended as an eligibility requirement for teachers to draw a pension from the industrialist’s nascent pension scheme for college faculty. 在一开始它其实是一个针对教师的要求：教师如果要从卡内基为大学教职人员所创设的退休金计划中领到退休金，需要达到一定的“学堂时间”。

• eligible [ˈelɪdʒəbl] 为形容词，义为“合格的；具备条件的” (having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions) 。 be eligible for sth / be eligible to do sth 指“合格的，有资格的”，比如 ◇ You could be eligible for a university scholarship . 你也许有资格获得大学奖学金。

• eligible 还有“合适的，中意的”的意思 (An eligible man or woman is not yet married and is thought by many people to be a suitable partner) ， 比如《经济学人》一篇关于婚姻市场的文章有这样一句话： Jane Austen 's characters took it for granted that men with money made more eligible mates. 简 · 奥斯丁笔下的人物想当然地认为越是有钱的男人越适合做伴侣。

  

WADA brought a complaint against Sun, currently China’s most famous athlete, to the court after swimming’s international governing body declined to penalize him for refusing to cooperate with three antidoping officials who had traveled to his home in China to retrieve blood and urine samples .

• complaint 为名词，指“投诉，控告，抱怨” (a reason for not being satisfied; a statement that sb makes saying that they are not satisfied) 。动词搭配为 bring/file/lodge a complaint against sb 。

• complaint 还可表示“疾病” (an illness that affects a particular part of your body) 。比如◇ 皮肤病： a skin complaint 。 [熟词僻义]

• body 不是指“身体”，而是指“机构，团体，群体” (a group of people who work together to do a particular job or who are together for a particular purpose) ，是一个常见的熟词僻义。 [熟词僻义]

• penalize sb for sth [ˈpiː.nəlaɪz] 表示“处罚，惩罚” (to punish sb for breaking a rule or law by making them suffer a disadvantage) 。

• retrieve [rɪˈtriːv] 指“取回，索回” (to find something and bring it back) 。

• sample 指“取样，样本”，blood and urine samples指血样和尿样。再扩展一下 sample 作动词的用法，表示“品尝，尝试” (to try a small amount of a particular food to see what it is like; to experience sth for a short time to see what it is like) ，比如品尝当地食物： sample the local food 。 [熟词僻义]

  

During that confrontation in September 2018, Sun argued with the testers and his mother ordered a security guard to break his blood-sample vials with a hammer. Sun declined to submit a urine sample.

• confrontation [ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃən] 指“冲突，对峙，对抗” (a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups) 。动词形式为 confront 。

• argue with sb 指“与…争吵，争辩” (to speak angrily to sb because you disagree with them) 。

• vial [vaɪl] 指装药水或香水等的“小瓶” (a very small bottle used for medicine, perfume etc) 。

A panel unanimously found “to its comfortable satisfaction ” that Sun had violated rules governing efforts to tamper with doping procedures, the Switzerland- based Court of Arbitration for Sport said in a statement.

• unanimous [juːˈnænɪməs] 指“一致同意的，意见一致的” (if a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about sth) 。

• comfortable satisfaction 指“完全满意原则”。运动员存在违规行为的举证责任在WADA，举证原则是令仲裁庭“完全满意”。换言之，如果WADA的举证未能令CAS仲裁庭感到“完全满意”，那么仲裁庭就无法支持WADA关于运动员存在违规行为的主张。文件原文如下：

  

• tamper with sth 指“篡改，擅自改动” (to make changes to sth without permission, especially in order to damage it) ，尤其指有意破坏。比如近义表达还有interfere with sth, meddle, tinker, fiddle。

  

• procedure [prəˈsiːdʒər] 指正常的“程序，手续，步骤” (a way of doing sth, especially the usual or correct way) 。我们在 《纽约时报》一篇关于钻石公主号的文章 也遇见过，复习一下原句： Health ministry officials, crew members and psychiatrists would mingle and eat together, he said, while some wore full protective gear and others did not — a violation of typical procedures . 他说，厚生劳动省的官员、工作人员和精神科医生会混在一起吃饭，有些人穿着完整的防护装备，有些人则没有——这违反了惯常程序。

• procedure 还可表示“手术” (a medical operation) 。

  

• -based 与表示地点的名词连用表示“总部设在…的”比如一家总部设在上海的公司 ◇a Shanghai-based firm

“The athlete failed to establish that he had a compelling justification to destroy his sample collection containers and forgo the doping control when, in his opinion, the collection protocol was not in compliance ,” the court said.

• establish 指“证实，确认” (to discover or prove the facts of a situation) ，比如 ◇The autopsy established that he had been murdered. 尸体剖检证实他是被谋杀的。 [熟词僻义]

• compelling 义为“非常吸引人的” (very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention) ，比如我们在经济学人精读社学过一篇关于区块链的文章，里面有这样一句话： Cryptocurrencies would have to offer a compelling advantage over other payment mechanisms to break that logjam. 要打破这种僵局，加密货币必须能提供较之其他支付机制极具吸引力的优势。

  

• justification 表示“正当理由” (a good reason why sth exists or is done) ，《新概念英语 4》Lesson11 一篇关于如何变老的文章也出现了这个词，原句是： Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. 有些老年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。句型 There is a justification for sth. 便表示“...是情有可原的。”

• justified 为形容词， 义为“合理的，有正当理由的” (If you describe a decision, action, or idea as justified, you think it is reasonable and acceptable) 。比如考研英语2012 Text 1有这样一句话： The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 该公司是新英格兰地区的一家主要能源供应商，当它上周宣布将违背“遵守严格的核能管理条例”这一长期承诺时，激起了佛蒙特州人民的公愤。

  

• forgo [fɔːˈgəʊ] 表示“放弃”想做的事，想得到的事物 (to decide not to have or do sth that you would like to have or do) 。比如《纽约时报》一篇关于武汉疫情的文章有这样一句话： Outside of Wuhan, many Chinese have also already canceled travel plans, forgoing vacations and what for some is their only chance to return home for family reunions during the year. 在武汉以外的地方，许多中国人取消了旅行计划，放弃了假期，对一些人来说，这是他们回家团聚的唯一机会。

• protocol 除了表示“规程，协议”，还 可表示“治疗方案：科学实验计划” (A protocol is a plan for a course of medical treatment, or a plan for a scientific experiment) 。比如《纽约时报》一篇关于新冠肺炎的文章有这样一句话： But experts expressed alarm over the quarantine protocols .

  

• compliance [kəmˈplaɪəns] 指“服从，遵守” (when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand) ，惯用搭配为 in compliance with sth 。

• 动词形式为 comply ， comply with sth 表示“遵守...”，比如遵守规定: comply with the regulations 。近义表达还有 obey sth, observe sth, abide by sth 等。 形容词形式为 compliant [kəmˈplɑɪənt] 指“顺从的，百依百顺的” (willing to obey or to agree to other people's wishes and demands) 。

The ban is the first imposed on a Chinese sports figure as influential as Sun, who is a national hero on a par with the country’s former basketball star Yao Ming.

• on a par with sth 表示“与…同样好/坏，不相上下” (as good, bad, important, etc. as sb/sth else)。 [写作推荐]

This appears to be the biggest Chinese doping scandal since more than 30 of the country’s swimmers were caught using banned substances in the 1990s and 40 of its 300 athletes were withdrawn by Chinese authorities from competing at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, a number of them for suspicious blood-test results.

• withdraw sb from sth 表示“使…退出” (to stop taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization; to stop sb / sth from doing these things) 。

Those removed from the 2000 Games included Ma Junren, the controversial distance running coach, whose athletes supposedly trained on a regimen of a marathon a day and diets of turtle soup and worm fungus.

• supposed [sə'pəʊzd]指“所谓的，据说的” (claimed by other people to be true or real, although you do not think they are right) ，我们在考研英语一2010 Text 3也遇到过，原句是 The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. 人们之所以认为影响人士很重要，是源于“两级传播”理论。即信息先从媒体流向影响力人士，然后再从影响力人士流向其他人。

• regimen [ˈredʒɪmən] 指“养生之道，摄生法” (a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health) 。

  

• fungu 指“真菌”。

The reaction from Chinese fans to Friday’s court ruling was immediate and furious . Social media platforms were flooded with messages of support for the swimmer and anger at the decision, which many described as anti-Chinese and designed to harm the country.

• furious [ˈfjʊ əriəs] 指“狂怒的，暴怒的”，相当于very angry。我们会在下一期看美剧学英语专栏扩展一些可与angry替换的高频表达。

  

• be flooded with sth 表示“大量收到某物” (to receive so many letters, complaints, or inquiries that you cannot deal with them all easily)， 比如 ◇ We’ve been flooded with offers of help. 人们纷纷表示愿意为我们提供帮助。 近义表达还有be inundated with sth, be swamped with sth, be deluged with sth，这些地道短语本义都是“被…淹没”，都可引申为“大量收到某物，某物多得令人应接不暇”。 [写作推荐]

“This is unfair. I firmly believe in my innocence,” Sun told Xinhua, the Chinese state-run news agency. “I will definitely appeal to let more people know the truth.”

• appeal 作动词，指“上诉，申诉” (to make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed) 。 appeal 也可作名词，指“上诉，申诉”，比如 ◇to file an appeal 提出上诉

His options, however, appear to be limited. Should he take his case to the Swiss federal court, the appeal would be limited to whether procedures were properly followed and perhaps whether the punishment was proportionate .

• properly 指“正确地，适当地” (in a way that is correct and / or appropriate) 。 properly 还可表示“真正地，实际上” (really; in fact) ，我们在看美剧学英语专栏讲过，大家可以复习一下。

• proportionate [prəˈpɔːʃənəl] 指“成比例的，相应的” (increasing or decreasing in size, amount or degree according to changes in sth else) 。

• 反义词 disproportionate 也是外刊高频词，表示“不成比例的”，比如《经济学人》一篇关于医疗科技的文章有这样一句话： The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich. 新技术带来的好处常常过多地流向富人。

• Should he take his case to the Swiss federal court, the appeal would be limited to whether procedures were properly followed and perhaps whether the punishment was proportionate.这句话可能很多同学看不懂。这是将if虚拟条件句中if省略，并将should前置引起的倒装句，还原回来是 If he should take his case to the Swiss federal court, the appeal would be limited to whether procedures were properly followed and perhaps whether the punishment was proportionate.我们在精读社里详细讲过各种类型的倒装句，老学员们可以复习一下。

Sun, who contended the testers had been unprofessional and lacked the proper paperwork, had received only a warning from a tribunal from FINA, swimming’s governing body. WADA, the antidoping agency, appealed that decision, arguing for stronger penalties.

• contend [kənˈtend] 指“声称，主张” (to say that sth is true, especially in an argument) 。 这个词的用法相对正式，可以替换我们常用的argue, hold, assert 等词。

• contend 还可表示“争斗，竞争” (to compete against sb in order to gain sth) ，惯用搭配是 contend with sb 。

• 短语 contend with sth ，与某物竞争，即“处理问题，对付困境” (to have to deal with a problem or difficult situation) ，比如 ◇Nurses often have to contend with violent or drunken patients. 护士经常不得不对付粗暴的或喝醉酒的病人。

  

• tribunal [traɪˈbjuː.nəl] 指“ 特别法庭；裁判所” (a type of court with the authority to deal with a particular problem or disagreement) 。

The court said that while athletes might have grounds to question the accreditation of testing personnel , the destruction of samples — an act that would prevent testing at a later date — in defiance of warnings about the consequences was not acceptable.

• have grounds to do sth 表示“有充分的理由作某事”。 ground 作名词可表示“充分的理由，根据” (a good or true reason for saying, doing or believing sth) 。我们在《经济学人》一篇关于武汉疫情的文章也讲过，复习一下原句 In the case of the Wuhan virus, there are some grounds for optimism. 我们可以把 There are some grounds for optimism (about sth). 背下来，用于引出对于好的方面的论述。

  

• 短语 on grounds of sth 也是外刊高频词，表示“因为，根据”，比如 ◇Employers cannot discriminate on grounds of age. 雇主不 得有年龄歧视。再比如《经济学人》一篇关于中国地域歧视的文章有这样一句话： China's employment law prohibits discrimination on grounds of ethnicity, sex, religion, disability, social background and health. Regional origin, however, is not mentioned. 中国的《劳动法》禁止基于种族、性别、宗教、残疾、社会背景和健康等原因的歧视。但却没有提到地域。 [写作推荐]

  

• accreditation [əˌkredɪˈteɪʃən] 为不可数名词，指“达到标准，证明合格” (official approval given by an organization stating that sb / sth has achieved a required standard) 。动词形式为 accredit 为动词。

• personnel [ˌpɜː.sə'nel] 是一个复数名词，指“人员，员工” (the people who work in a company, organization, or military force) 。

• in defiance of sth [dɪˈfaɪəns] 指“违抗，拒绝服从” (open refusal to obey sb / sth) 。比如《纽约时报》一篇评论新冠肺炎防控的文章有这样一句话： The White House, in defiance of recent American history, also opted to go medieval by aggressive measures like barring entry to non-Americans who were recently in China and advising Americans not to go to China or South Korea. 白宫罔顾美国近现代史，也选择了走向中世纪，采取诸如禁止最近到过中国的非美国人入境、建议美国人停止前往中国和韩国这样的激进措施。

• defiant 为形容词，指“公然违抗的，反抗的” (openly refusing to obey sb / sth, sometimes in an aggressive way) ，比如 ◇Despite the risk of suspension, he remained defiant. 尽管可能会被停职，他仍然桀骜不驯。

At the November hearing before the Court of Arbitration for Sport, translation issues marred the proceedings , and a new confrontation erupted — between Sun’s mother and opposing lawyers during cross-examination. WADA said on Friday that it “welcomes the ruling.”

• mar [mɑːr] 为动词，指“玷污，损坏” (to make something less attractive or enjoyable) 。 近义表达还 有spoil, damage, blemish, taint, tarnish。

  

• proceedings 表示“诉讼” (when someone uses a court of law to deal with a legal case) 。

• proceed 作动词，指“继续做“，”前进”。

  

• opposing 指观点或意见“相对立的，相反的” (opposing ideas, opinions etc are completely different from each other) 。动词形式为 oppose 。

Sun is disdained by some fellow swimmers because of concerns about doping — he was suspended for three months by the Chinese swimming authorities in 2014 after he tested positive for a recently banned prescription drug — and several rivals verbally sparred with him at the world championships last July or refused to stand on the medals podium with him after races.

• disdain [dɪsˈdeɪn] 作动词指“鄙视，蔑视” (to think that sb / sth is not good enough to deserve your respect) 。近义表达还有scorn, deride, regard … with contempt。 disdain 也可作名词。

• disdainful [dɪsˈdeɪnfəl] 为形容词，指“鄙视的，轻视的，不屑的”( showing that you do not respect someone or something, because you think that they are not important or good enough )。比如 ◇ a disdainful look 藐视的眼神 ◇professors who are disdainful of popular entertainment 对大众娱乐活动不屑的教授们

• test positive 指“检测呈阳性”，反义表达为 test negative。

  

• spar with sb 指“与…争论，与…拌嘴” (to argue with someone but not in an unpleasant way) 。 spar over sth 表示“争论…”。近义表达还有bicker, row, squabble。

  

• podium [ˈpəʊdiəm] 指“领奖台”。

Sun won the 400- and 1500-meter freestyles at the London Games in 2012 and the 200 freestyle in Rio in 2016. He has three other Olympic medals and 16 from the world championships, including 11 gold.

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