关于人工智能(上)——词汇、句子与家庭语言教育(二十一)
Automation and Artificial Intelligence are
thunder
ing
down the track
.
自动化与人工智能强势来袭。
(
备注:
人工智能是自动化的一个分支
)
本 期 小 编 继 续 为 大 家 分 享 “人 工 智 能 ”。
关键词:
人工智能,人类与电脑的合作【TED音频片段】,仿人机器人,新机器时代的思辨。
3岁+ 孩子的家长
,可以
重点看 第三、第四部分
“仿人机器人“ 与 ”机器时代的思辨” ,有所选择 地 进行语言输入(中英文)。
关于机器与机器人,孩子们还是能够理解的,而且有些孩子会非常感兴趣,至少在讨论扫地机器人,机器人(乐迪小爱、变形金刚transformer
[trænsˈfɔːmə]
的时候,还能进行一点自然而然的应景地输入,在有条件的情况下提供一部分家庭英语环境~O(∩_∩)O~。
词句部分来源于 英语原版文章,故同样适用于 部分本科生,年龄小的学习者积累听力词汇,年龄稍大的学习者则是吸收阅读词汇,转化为写作词汇
。
(文末附 参考文献)
一、关于人工智能
“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出的。
从那以后,
研究
者们发展了众多理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。
John McCarthy
coin
ed the term AI in 1956.
(第一次使用一个词,发明新词,这个动作 用
coin
动词 最地道)
人工智能(Artificial Intelligence),英文缩写为AI。
它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支,它企图了解智能的实质,并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式作出反应的
智能机器
,该领域的研究
包括机器人
、
语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统
等。
2016年1月,Google旗下的深度学习团队Deepmind开发的人工智能围棋软件AlphaGo,以5:0战胜了围棋欧洲冠军樊麾。这是人工智能第一次战胜职业围棋手。
背景
(In 1956 / at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project) John McCarthy团队曾宣言用精心挑选的科学家们可能可以在一个月的时间打造AI
"if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer," they would make significant progress toward creating machines with one or more of the following abilities:
the ability to use language能够使用语言; to form concepts形成概念(的认知); to solve problems now solvable only by humans能解决(当时)只有人类才能应付的问题; to improve themselves.
McCarthy later recalled that they failed because "AI is harder than we thought. 但在当时,他们并未成功,“”AI比想象中难”
。
来源:
Somers, James. "The man who would teach machines to think."
The Atlantic
, Nov. 2013, p. 90+.
Opposing Viewpoints In Context
(原文7400余字,截取)
(世界著名科幻电影大师史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格曾导演过一部名叫《人工智能》的科幻电影)
Artificial intelligence (AI)
is
intelligence exhibited by machines.
通过普通计算机实现的智能。
In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when
a machine mimics 模仿"
cognitive
" functions
认知功能
that humans associate with other human minds
,
such as "learning" 学习 and "problem solving".
解决问题
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include
reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing
(communication),
perception and the ability to move and
manipulate
[məˈnɪpjʊˌleɪt]
objects. 核心问题包括 推理、知识、规划、学习、交流、感知、移动和
操作
物体的能力
(Wikipedia)
二、人类与电脑的合作
(TED演讲 level 1)
2012年6月
TED演讲
The rise of human computer cooperation 的导入部分
便介绍了
人 机 合 作 的 兴 起
。
(更多与人工智能相关的TED演讲,后续会选择性推送)
I'd like to tell you about two games of
chess
. The first happened in 1997, in which Garry Kasparov, a human, lost to Deep Blue, a machine. To many, this was the dawn of a new era, one where man would be dominated by machine. But here we are, 20 years on, and the greatest change in how we relate to computers is the iPad, not HAL.
我想告诉你们两场象棋比赛。 一场发生在1997年,卡斯帕罗夫, 一个人类, 输给了‘深蓝’,一部机器。 对许多人来说,这是一个新时代的黎明, 一个人被机器统治的时代。 但现在的我们,20年已经过去了,而最能改变 我们与电脑之间关系的是IPAD, 不是 HAL。
The second game was a freestyle chess tournament in 2005, in which man and machine could enter together as partners, rather than adversaries, if they so chose. At first, the results were predictable.Even a supercomputer was beaten by a grandmaster with a relatively weak laptop. The surprise came at the end. Who won? Not a grandmaster with a supercomputer, but actually two American amateursusing three relatively weak laptops. Their ability to coach and manipulate their computers to deeply explore specific positions effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge of the grandmasters and the superior computational power of other adversaries. This is an astonishing result: average men, average machines beating the best man, the best machine. And anyways, isn't it supposed to be man versus machine? Instead, it's about cooperation, and the right type of cooperation.
第二场是自由式国际象棋锦标赛
在
2005
年,人类与机器可以一起进入比赛
以合作伙伴的身份,而不是敌人,如果他们这样选择。
起初,结果是可以预测的。
即使是一台超级计算机也会输给特级大师
和一台相对较弱的便携式计算机。
可结局令人惊讶。谁赢了?
不是使用超级计算机的大师,
而实际上是两个美国业余选手
和他们使用的三台相对较弱的笔记本电脑。
他们有能力知道和操纵他们的计算机
从而深入探索具体的位置
以有效的方法抵消
大师和卓越计算的优越的国际象棋知识
和其他对手。
这是一个令人吃惊的结果:
普通男性,
一般的计算机击败最好的人和最好的机器。
不管怎么说,不应该是机器于人对战吗?
相反,它是关于合作和正确的合作方式。
……
完整的演讲请follow网址
https://www.ted.com/talks/shyam_sankar_the_rise_of_human_computer_cooperation/
三、关于 仿人机器人
humanoid robot
['hjuːmənɒɪd]
['rəʊbɒt]
humanoid
意思是
"
具有人的形状或特性的,类人的
"
,也可以指
"
类人动物
"
。
A humanoid robot is
a robot with its body shape built to resemble the human body
. The design may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments 与环境交互, for experimental purposes 实验目的, such as the study of al locomotion运动力学, or for other purposes.
In general, humanoid robots have a
torso 躯干
[ˈtɔːsəʊ]
, a
head
, two
arms
, and two
legs
,
though some forms of humanoid robots may model only part of the body
, for example, from the
waist
up(只有腰部以上,半身的仿人机器人). Some humanoid robot also have heads designed to replicate human facial features such as eyes and mouths.
Androids
are humanoid robots built to aesthetically
[iːsˈθetɪkəlɪ]审美地
resemble(与……相似) humans.
人类现在研制出了各种不同功用的机器人,例如
housework robot(家务型机器人)
, —— 比如 很多人家里有的
扫地机器人~
intelligent robot(智能机器人),underwater robot(水下机器人),
entertainment robot(娱乐机器人),military robot(军用机器人),
agricultural robot(农业机器人)以及chat robot(聊天机器人) 等
In the future 未来,robots like Robonaut 机器人宇航员 robot+astronaut=robonaut,a humanoid invented by NASA,will be doing dangerous jobs,like repairing space stations.
机器人宇航员甚至将承担
危险系数高的工作,比如修理空间站。
2017年7月29日,第十八届全国机器人锦标赛暨第七届国际“仿 人 机 器 人” 奥林匹克大赛在佛山市中欧中心盛大开幕,大家有兴趣的话,可以搜各种图给孩子们看。
Humanoid robots competed in 16 events in five categories, including
track 田赛 and field 径赛, balls球类, combat 格斗, dancing 跳舞
as well as
domestic service such as cleaning 清洁 and medical care 医疗.
四、机器时代的思辨
词 句
温馨提示:
各片段按照难易顺序排列,注意标注红色部分的关键句,觉得困难的读者可以挑选部分红色标记句与词。
1.
Robotshave the potential to greatly improve the quality of our lives at home, at work, and at play.
机器人有提高我们生活与工作质量,丰富娱乐生活的潜能。
Customized
(按顾客要求定制的,定做的)
robots working alongside people will create new jobs, improve the quality of existing jobs, and give people more time to focus on what they find interesting, important, and exciting.
定制机器人可以创造新的就业机会,提高现有工作质量,从而使人们拥有更多的时间专注于他们之所爱以及所珍视的事物上。
比如通勤时间,在无人驾驶的车内回复邮件,观看视频,甚至小憩。Commuting to work in driverless cars will allow people to read, reply to e-mails, watch videos, and even nap.
2.
Sometimes, machines can replace human labor.
有时,机器可以代替人工。
Yet the objective of robotics
/
rəʊˈbɒt.ɪks
/
is not to replace humans by mechanizing and automating tasks;
it is to find ways for machines to assist and collaborate with humans more effectively.
然而, robotics
机器人技术
并非仅仅为了取代人类完成机械化、自动化任务
,而是更有效地解决人类需要机器帮助与合作的工作方法。
Robots are better than humans at crunching numbers, lifting heavy objects, and, in certain contexts, moving with precision. 较之人类,机器人更善于处理数字,举起重物,在特定情境下,更精确地移动。
Humans are better than robots at abstraction, generalization, and creative thinking 人类比机器人更善于抽象、推理和创造性思考
, thanks to their ability to reason, draw from prior experience, and imagine 这得归功于从先前经验与想象中得到的推理能力.
By working together, robots and humans can
augment
/
ɔːɡˈment
/
and complement each other's skills.
机器人与人类合作,可以
提高
并完善技能。
目前的机器人与未来机器人普及时代的机器人尚有很大差距。
Still, there are significant gaps between where robots are today and the promise of
a future era of "
pervasive robotics
," 机器人技术普及的年代
when robots will be integrated into the fabric of daily life, becoming as common as computers and smartphones are today 和电脑、智能手机一样常见, performing many specialized tasks, and often operating side by side with humans.
pervasive /
pəˈveɪ.sɪv
/
present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place
遍布的
目前机器人研发目标在于改善制作方法,改善机器人移动和操作物体的情况,提高推理观察,提高机器人之间、机器人与人类之间的互动。
Current research aims to improve the way robots are made, how they move themselves and manipulate objects, how they reason, how they perceive their environments, and how they cooperate with one another and with humans.
3. 智能机器对人类的影响
As m
achines take on more jobs, many find themselves out of work or with raises indefinitely postponed. 随着机器承担起更多工作,很多人面临失业,又或者,加薪遥遥无期(被无限期地推迟着)。
take on
take sb/sth on, take on sb/sth 均属于英式英语的规范用法
在本句中的意思 承担工作,承担责任
to decide to do sth; to agree to be responsible for sth/sb 决定做,同意负责,承担(责任) 例 I can't take on any extra work.我不能承担任何额外工作
其他意思:
to employ sb 聘用、雇佣 She was taken on as a trainee.她受聘当实习生。
to begin to have a particular quality, appearance, etc.呈现,具有(特征、外观等)
表示此种意思时,无被动态用法
例 The chameleon
[kəˈmiːliən]
can take on the colours of its background.
这个例句倒是让小编想起了一本绘本《拼拼凑凑的变色龙》
4
.
来源:https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/new-artificial-intelligence-will-favour-who-else-but-the-affluent-classes-a3584916.html