【经济学人】当难民涌入世界上福利最好的国家 | 2016.11.05 | 总第720期

Unskilled, unemployed and unhappy

没有技能，失业和悲伤

WHEN Ameen first arrived from Aleppo, he was thrilled to have made it to Sweden. Speaking as he takes a break from a protest near parliament, he says he thought there would be plenty of jobs. But none was available. Now that the government has made it harder for family members to join the refugees, some have taken to Stockholm’s cobbled streets. The rules on asylum-seeking in Europe mean refugees like him have to stay in their country of arrival. “If we could leave, many of us would,” he says.

阿明最初从阿勒波成功来到瑞典的时候，非常激动。在抗议议会附近的地方休息时，他说觉得这里应该会有大量的工作，但事实是一个也没有。现在政府使家庭成员也变成难民越来越难，许多人已经来到了斯德哥尔摩铺满鹅卵石的街道。欧洲有关寻求庇护的章程表示像他一样的难民必须呆在他们所来到的城市。“如果我们能离开的话，我们中的许多人将会选择离开。”阿明这样说。

• asylum-seeking：寻求庇护

A big reason refugees cause alarm across Europe is the fear that they will steal jobs. But a more serious problem may be their joblessness. France, Germany and Norway all have big employment gaps between native- and foreign-born workers. But the gap is widest in the Netherlands and Sweden—and these figures do not yet include the 163,000 asylum-seekers who arrived in Sweden last year (see chart).

难民在欧洲敲醒警钟的很大原因源自人们害怕难民会偷走许多工作。但是更严重的可能是他们的失业问题，法国，德国，和挪威这些国家在本地和国外出生的工人之间都有很大的就业缺口。但是这个缺口在新西兰和瑞典尤为大，而且这些数字还不包括去年来到瑞典的163，000名的寻求庇护者。（如图）

In part, Sweden is a victim of its own generosity and success. No European country has a larger proportion of refugees in its population and in 2015 none welcomed a larger flow of asylum-seekers, proportionate to its population, than Sweden did. Employment rates for refugees are no lower than in most European countries, but the difference with Swedish-born workers is striking. Partly it is because many Swedish-born women work and Swedes are highly educated. Nevertheless, fears are mounting about the social impact of the two-tier labour market that is developing. Magnus Henrekson, an academic, fears further ghettoisation and alienation.

在某种程度上，瑞典的慷慨和成功也让它深受其害，没有一个欧洲国家在人口上有如此大比例的难民，而且在2015年还有一大批不受欢迎的寻求庇护者，其数量与瑞典的总人口数相当。瑞典难民的就业率不低于其在大多数欧洲国家的就业率，但是与出生于瑞典的工人间的差异是很突出的。一定程度上是因为许多生于瑞典的女性工作者和瑞典人受过高等教育。然而，人们对持续发展的两级劳动市场带来社会冲击的恐惧正不断增长。学者马格努斯.翰林克森，担心会产生进一步的隔离和异化。

• two-tier labour market：两级劳动市场

• ghettoisation： 隔离

• alienation：异化

瑞典难民

On the surface, Sweden has one of the least troubled labour markets in the world. The economy is growing, vacancies are plentiful, only 5% of 15-74-year-old native-born workers are jobless and the unemployment rate is falling. But foreign-born workers are three times as likely to be unemployed, and the ratio is rising. For those from outside the EU it is higher still (22.5% are unemployed). Hidden discrimination, housing problems and a Swedish reliance on informal networks help explain the gap. But many refugees simply lack the skills for Sweden’s job market.

表面上，瑞典是世界上混乱最少的劳动市场之一。经济逐渐增长，（职位）空缺额很丰富，仅有5% 15-74岁的本地人处于失业状态，而且失业率也在下降。但是外地出生的工人失业的可能性是它的三倍，而且这个比例在不断上升。对于那些欧洲的外来者而言，这个数字还是偏高（22.5%是失业的）。潜移默化的歧视，住房问题和瑞典人对非正式网络的依赖能帮助解释这个数字缺口。但是许多难民仅仅是缺乏瑞典就业市场所需要的技能。

• discrimination：歧视

The issue is not unique to Sweden. In a report published in September, the OECD and UNHCR found that many employers do not see recruiting refugees as a business opportunity, but as a “CSR” (corporate social responsibility) issue. Large employers made a big fuss about providing apprenticeships and mentoring schemes, but few offer jobs. The obstacles employers cite include uncertainty about refugees’ qualifications and their right to work, sceptical public opinion, and worries that language barriers will mean lower productivity.

这个问题不仅仅存在于瑞典。在九月发表的一个报告中，经合组织和联合国难民署发现许多老板没有把招聘难民看成一种商业机会，而是看成一种企业的社会责任问题。许多大企业雇主在提供学徒制和导师计划上面大做文章，但是很少提供工作。老板引用的障碍包括难民资格的不确定性，他们的工作权利，不同声音的公众意见，还有关于对语言障碍将意味着更低的生产力的担忧。

• apprenticeship：学徒期; 学徒身份

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 

经济合作组织

The concerns reflect changes in Sweden’s employment market. Fewer than 5% of jobs are now low-skilled, requiring less than a high-school qualification, compared with 9% in Germany and 16% in Spain. Countries such as Greece and Italy have larger shadow economies, helping explain why refugees there have higher employment levels than natives. “High-school diplomas are Sweden’s biggest divider,” says Anna Breman, chief economist at Swedbank. Nearly all Swedes have them, yet only half of new arrivals do, according to government statistics.

这些忧虑反映了瑞典就业市场上的变化。与德国的9%和西班牙的16%相比较，瑞典只有不足百分之五的工作是对技能要求比较低的，低到一个高中生的资格水平。像希腊和意大利有更多的影子经济，这帮助解释了为什么那儿的难民比本地人有更高的就业率。“高中毕业证书是瑞典最大的分割物。”瑞典银行的首席经济学家安娜说。根据政府的统计，几乎所有的瑞典人都有高中毕业证，然而新来的人中只有一半拥有高中毕业证书。

The paradox, says Thomas Liebig, from the OECD, is that Sweden has among the most advanced refugee-integration policies. A two-year programme is meant to make refugees “job-ready”, but is often too long for educated refugees and too short for those lacking basic literacy and numeracy. Only 22% of low-educated foreign-born men and 8% of women found work in the year after completing the programme. On average it takes seven to eight years for newcomers to find employment. According to a survey in 2014, across Europe it takes refugees and other beneficiaries of international protection 20 years to reach employment rates similar to natives. This contrasts with America, where research has shown that refugees find work faster than other immigrants, and even do better than economic migrants over time.

来自经合组织的托马斯李比希说，矛盾在于瑞典有最先进的难民安置政策。一个两年期的项目旨在使难民都有工作，但是这个项目时期对于受过教育的难民来说太长，对那些缺乏基本的文学和计算机能力的人又太短。在这个项目竣工后，仅有22%的低学历的外来男性和8%的外来女性在这一年找到了工作。一般来说，新来的人要花七到八年的时间才能找到工作。期待您的翻译，您可以将翻译留言到文章底部，第二天会有详细解析哦。与美国相比较，美国的研究已经表明难民要比其他移民更快找到工作，甚至随着时间推移，比经济移民做的更好。

托马斯李比希

Highly educated migrants also lag behind their Swedish-born peers in finding work. The biggest difficulties are posed by the large group with few qualifications. The obvious way to help is to train them better, particularly the young. Around 70,000 of last year’s arrivals were minors, half of them unaccompanied. But a large proportion of 15-24 year-olds, especially women, drop out of education or training.

受过高等教育的移民在找工作方面同样落后于出生于瑞典的同龄人。最大的困难是由附带一些限制条件的大群体引起的。帮助他们效果显著的方式就是更好的培训他们，尤其是那些年轻人。去年到来的人中，大约有70，000是未成年人，他们中的一半都是孤身一人。但是15到24岁之间很大一部分人，尤其是女性，都选择辍学或者退出培训。

Ms Breman thinks the real bottleneck in Sweden is that the lowest wages are so high. But cutting wages or lowering the minimum wage is impossible: powerful unions would object. So instead, successive governments have experimented with wage subsidies for certain sectors, such as restaurants, as well as tax credits, for example for house renovation. Supporters argue that such subsidies compensate employers for taking a risk and a (temporary) fall in productivity.

布雷曼先生认为在瑞典真正的障碍是最低的工资过高。但是减少最低工资是不可能的：强有力的工会将会持反对意见。因此，历届政府尝试为某些行业提供工资补贴，如餐厅，以及税收抵免，例如房屋装修。支持者认为，这样的津贴能补偿雇主承担的风险和（临时）下降的生产力。

Worries about unemployed refugees have been masked by the recent strong performance of Sweden’s economy—ironically boosted by increased spending on refugees. (IKEA, a furniture chain, is reported to have run out of mattresses at one point.) But there is a growing realisation that Sweden—and Europe as a whole—cannot afford to delay reforms to ease the integration of refugees. The numbers now are simply too big.

最近瑞典严重的经济状况掩盖了对于失业难民的担忧—具有讽刺意味的是这些是由不断增加的难民支出引起的。(宜家，一个家居连锁店，一度被报道出用光了所有床垫)。但是越来越多的人意识到瑞典和欧洲作为一个整体承担不起推迟缓解难民整合的改革。这个数字现在已经太大了。

Like most of Europe, Sweden’s population is ageing. Educating and integrating young refugees could help plug gaps in the labour market. Failure to do so will exacerbate pressure on government spending and could lead to permanent exclusion and further polarisation. Europe is right to be worried about refugees and jobs—albeit for the wrong reasons.

像大多数欧洲国家一样，瑞典的人口逐渐老龄化。给年轻的难民提供教育和整合他们能够帮助填补劳动市场上的空白。如果不这样做将会加重政府支出上的压力和可能导致永久性的排斥和进一步分化。欧洲担心难民和工作的问题是适当的-尽管是一些错误的原因。

翻译 ▍栏目零第一组

审核 ▍向北

编辑 ▍澜意