ICCPS 2024 | John R. Bartle：公共预算中的公平性

美国公共行政学会(ASPA)当选主席、美国国家公共行政学院院士、美国内布拉斯加大学奥马哈分校公共事务与社区服务学院院长约翰·巴特尔教授在2024年6月15日首届中国公共政策研究国际学术会议“全球视野下的中国公共政策研究：理论与实践”中发表了题为“公共预算中的公平性”的主旨演讲。

约翰·巴特尔教授表示，近年来人们越来越意识到预算的重要性，但预算中的性别公平问题一直以来没有得到足够的重视。当前，公共预算中的性别公平逐渐成为世界各国的共同追求，它不仅体现了政府对性别平等价值观的认同，也为构建更公平的社会提供了可能性。通过推动促进性别平等的公共预算，政府能够在设计、执行、监测和评估支出和收入的过程中，充分考虑性别平等的潜在影响，从而确保资源的合理分配和有效利用。

促进性别平等的公共预算最早可追溯到1979年。1979 年，联合国通过了《消除对妇女一切形式的歧视公约》，它规定了政府应采取哪些适当措施来保护和促进人权和妇女的权利，随后在全球范围得到广泛推广。1984年，澳大利亚成为第一个真正实施促进性别平等的公共预算的国家。1995年，世界妇女大会在北京举行，进一步强调了政府预算中对性别待遇的考量是实现预算中性别平等的关键。此后，南非、菲律宾等许多国家也开始将性别视角纳入其公共预算中。目前，已有80多个国家将性别视角纳入其预算，并在一些国家取得了显著成效。

约翰·巴特尔教授基于预算流程讲解如何推动促进性别平等的公共预算，并简要列举了奥地利、南非、以色列等国的做法。从具体案例中，可以得到几点启示：一是政治承诺，政府决策的政治承诺是性别平等预算得以实施的关键。没有政治承诺的支持，促进性别平等的公共预算很难得到真正落实。二是法律基础，将性别平等纳入政府的法律基础是促进性别平等的公共预算得到有效执行的重要措施。虽然并非所有国家都在宪法中明确规定将性别视角纳入预算，但许多国家通过立法机关制定性别平等的相关法规和法律条款，为促进性别平等的公共预算提供法律保障。三是预算主管机构的支持，预算主管机构的支持对促进性别平等的公共预算的实施至关重要，这些机构需要接受培训，了解如何实施促进性别平等的公共预算，并与政府其他部门紧密合作，确保预算有效实施。四是数据支持，拥有准确、可靠的数据是评估促进性别平等的公共预算效果的关键。通过收集和分析数据，可以了解预算执行的实际效果，为未来的政策制定提供有力支持。五是非政府组织的支持，非政府组织可以通过提供资金、技术和知识支持等方式，帮助政府更好地实施促进性别平等的公共预算。

综上，约翰·巴特尔教授认为，促进性别平等的公共预算具有重要意义，需要得到政府和社会各界的共同关注和推动。建议政府加强政治承诺和法律保障，支持预算主管机构实施促进性别平等的公共预算，并积极利用数据和非政府组织的支持推动预算的实施。最后且重要的是，公共预算可以侧重于任何群体的公平性，而不仅仅是性别，还有种族、阶级、残疾人等。

John Bartle is the President-elect of American Society of Public Administration, the Fellow of National Academy of Public Administration, the Dean and Professor of College of Public Affairs and Community Service at University of Nebraska Omaha. He made the keynote speech titled “Equity in Public Budgeting” at the first International Academic Conference on China Public Policy Research "China Public Policy Research from a Global Perspective: Theory and Practice" on June 15, 2024.

Professor John Bartle said, in recent years, people have become more and more aware of the importance of budgeting, but the issue of gender equity in budgeting has not received enough attention. At present, gender equity in public budgeting has gradually become a common pursuit of countries around the world. It not only reflects the government's recognition of the value of equity, but also provides the possibility of building a more equitable society. Through gender-responsive budgeting, the government can fully consider the potential impact of gender equity in the process of designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating expenditures and revenues, thereby ensuring the rational allocation and effective use of resources.

The concept of gender-responsive budgeting can be traced back to 1979. In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which stipulates what appropriate measures the government should take to protect and promote human rights and women's rights, and was subsequently widely promoted around the world. In 1984, Australia became the first country to truly implement gender-responsive budgeting. In 1995, the World Conference on Women was held in Beijing, further emphasizing that the consideration of the welfare of women and men is the core of achieving gender equity in the budget. Since then, many countries such as South Africa and the Philippines have also begun to incorporate gender perspectives into their budgets. At present, more than 80 countries have incorporated gender perspectives into their budgets, and some countries have achieved remarkable results.

Professor John Bartle explained how to promote the implementation of gender-responsive budgeting based on the budget process, and briefly listed the practices of Austria, South Africa, Israel and other countries. From specific cases, we can get several inspirations for promoting gender-responsive budgeting. Firstly, the political commitment of government decision-making is the key to the implementation of gender-equity budgeting. Without the support of political commitment, gender-responsive budgeting is difficult to be truly implemented. Secondly, incorporating gender equity into the legal basis of the government is an important measure to ensure the effective implementation of gender-responsive budgeting. Although not all countries have explicitly stipulated in their constitutions that gender perspectives should be included in the budget, many countries have provided legal protection for gender-responsive budgets through legislation and legal provisions on gender equity. Thirdly, the support of budget authorities is crucial to the implementation of gender-responsive budgets. These agencies need to be trained on how to implement gender-responsive budgets and work closely with other government departments to ensure the effective implementation of gender-responsive budgets. Fourthly, having accurate and reliable data is the key to evaluating the effectiveness of gender-responsive budgets. By collecting and analyzing data, we can understand the actual effects of gender-responsive budgets and provide strong support for future policy making. Finally, the support of non-governmental organizations for gender-responsive budgets is equally important. Non-governmental organizations can help the government better implement gender-responsive budgets by providing financial, technical and knowledge support.

In summary, Professor John Bartle believes that gender-responsive budget is of great significance and needs to be jointly concerned and promoted by the governments and all sectors of society. It is recommended that the governments strengthen political commitment and legal guarantees, support budget authorities in implementing gender-responsive budgets, and actively use data and support non-governmental organizations to promote the implementation of gender-responsive budgets. Last but not least, this shows that the budget can be focused on equity for any group, not just gender, but also race, class, disability, etc.

John R.Bartle博士现担任内布拉斯加大学奥马哈分校公共事务与社区服务学院院长和行政管理系教授。他是美国公共管理学会（ASPA）的当选主席，于2010年当选为美国国家公共行政学院院士。他曾获得ASPA颁发的Aaron Wildavsky奖和Truitt Felbinger奖，分别表彰其在预算和财务管理、交通政策和行政领域做出的重大贡献。John R.Bartle著有《创新基础设施金融：国家和地方政府指南》、《地方政府金融管理政策》、《公共行政的可持续发展》、《公共预算演变理论》等书，曾公开发表70余篇文章及书章。十多年来，他一直与内布拉斯加州立法机构合作，提供政策建议。

Dr. John R. Bartle is the Dean of the College of Public Affairs and Community Service and a Professor of Public Administration at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He is the President-Elect of the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). He was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration in 2010. He received two major awards from ASPA sections: the Aaron Wildavsky Award for lifetime achievement in budgeting and financial management, and the Truitt-Felbinger Award for significant contributions to the field of transportation policy and administration. He has co-authored or edited four books: Innovative Infrastructure Finance: A Guide for State and Local Governments, Management Policies in Local Government Finance, Sustainable Development for Public Administration, and Evolving Theories of Public Budgeting. He has published 70 articles and book chapters in both academic and practitioner outlets. He has worked with the Nebraska Legislature to provide policy advice for over ten years.