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JDK1.8新特性之函数式接口 | Java Debug 笔记

xcbeyond  · 掘金  ·  · 2021-05-14 09:54

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JDK1.8新特性之函数式接口 | Java Debug 笔记

本文正在参加「Java主题月 - Java Debug笔记活动」，详情查看< 活动链接 >

上一篇《Lambda表达式，让你爱不释手》，只是简单的讲到Lambda表达式的语法、使用，使得你对它产生了好感，而Lambda表达式是如何实现、定义，你可能不太清楚。本篇将会详细介绍 函数式接口 ，让你在使用JDK新特性时，做到心中有数，自信满满。

一、函数式接口

函数式接口（ functional Interface ）， 有且仅有一个抽象方法的接口 ，但可以有多个非抽象的方法。

适用于Lambda表达式使用的接口。如创建线程： 

new Thread(() -> System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName())).start();
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其中，Lambda表达式代替了 new Runnable() ，这里的 Runable 接口就属于函数式接口，最直观的体现是使用了 @FunctionalInterface 注解，而且使用了一个抽象方法(有且仅有一个)，如下： 

package java.lang;

/**
 * The <code>Runnable</code> interface should be implemented by any
 * class whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread. The
 * class must define a method of no arguments called <code>run</code>.
 * <p>
 * This interface is designed to provide a common protocol for objects that
 * wish to execute code while they are active. For example,
 * <code>Runnable</code> is implemented by class <code>Thread</code>.
 * Being active simply means that a thread has been started and has not
 * yet been stopped.
 * <p>
 * In addition, <code>Runnable</code> provides the means for a class to be
 * active while not subclassing <code>Thread</code>. A class that implements
 * <code>Runnable</code> can run without subclassing <code>Thread</code>
 * by instantiating a <code>Thread</code> instance and passing itself in
 * as the target.  In most cases, the <code>Runnable</code> interface should
 * be used if you are only planning to override the <code>run()</code>
 * method and no other <code>Thread</code> methods.
 * This is important because classes should not be subclassed
 * unless the programmer intends on modifying or enhancing the fundamental
 * behavior of the class.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @see     java.lang.Thread
 * @see     java.util.concurrent.Callable
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
    /**
     * When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used
     * to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's
     * <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing
     * thread.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may
     * take any action whatsoever.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Thread#run()
     */
    public abstract void run();
}
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1. 格式

修饰符 interface 接口名 {

​ public abstract 返回值类型 方法名 (可选参数列表)；

}

注： public abstract 可以省略（因为默认修饰为 public abstract ）

如： 

public interface MyFunctionalInterface {
    public abstract void method();
}
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2. 注解@FunctionalInterface

@FunctionalInterface ，是JDK1.8中新引入的一个注解，专门指代函数式接口，用于一个接口的定义上。

和 @Override 注解的作用类似， @FunctionalInterface 注解可以用来检测接口是否是函数式接口。如果是函数式接口，则编译成功，否则编译失败（接口中没有抽象方法或者抽象方法的个数多余1个）。 

package com.xcbeyond.study.jdk8.functional;

/**
 * 函数式接口
 * @Auther: xcbeyond
 * @Date: 2020/5/17 0017 0:26
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface MyFunctionalInterface {
    public abstract void method();

    // 如果存在多个抽象方法，则编译失败，即：@FunctionalInterface飘红
//    public abstract void method1();
}
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3. 实例

函数式接口： 

package com.xcbeyond.study.jdk8.functional;

/**
 * 函数式接口
 * @Auther: xcbeyond
 * @Date: 2020/5/17 0017 0:26
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface MyFunctionalInterface {
    public abstract void method();

    // 如果存在多个抽象方法，则编译失败，即：@FunctionalInterface飘红
//    public abstract void method1();
}
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测试： 

package com.xcbeyond.study.jdk8.functional;

/**
 * 测试函数式接口
 * @Auther: xcbeyond
 * @Date: 2020/5/17 0017 0:47
 */
public class MyFunctionalInterfaceTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 调用show方法，参数中有函数式接口MyFunctionalInterface，所以可以使用Lambda表达式，来完成接口的实现
        show("hello xcbeyond!", msg -> System.out.printf(msg));
    }

    /**
     * 定义一个方法，参数使用函数式接口MyFunctionalInterface
     * @param myFunctionalInterface
     */
    public static void show(String message, MyFunctionalInterface myFunctionalInterface) {
        myFunctionalInterface.method(message);
    }
}
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函数式接口，用起来是不是更加的灵活，可以在具体调用处进行接口的实现。

函数式接口，可以很友好地支持Lambda表达式。

二、常用的函数式接口

在JDK1.8之前已经有了大量的函数式接口，最熟悉的就是 java.lang.Runnable 接口了。

JDK 1.8 之前已有的函数式接口:

  • java.lang.Runnable
  • java.util.concurrent.Callable
  • java.security.PrivilegedAction
  • java.util.Comparator
  • java.io.FileFilter
  • java.nio.file.PathMatcher
  • java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler
  • java.beans.PropertyChangeListener
  • java.awt.event.ActionListener
  • javax.swing.event.ChangeListener

而在JDK1.8新增了 java.util.function 包下的很多函数式接口，用来支持Java的函数式编程，从而丰富了Lambda表达式的使用场景。

这里主要介绍四大核心函数式接口：

  • java.util.function.Consumer ：消费型接口
  • java.util.function.Supplier ：供给型接口
  • java.util.function.Predicate ：断定型接口
  • java.util.function.Function ：函数型接口

1. Consumer接口

java.util.function.Consumer 接口，是一个消费型的接口，消费数据类型由泛型决定。 

package java.util.function;

import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Represents an operation that accepts a single input argument and returns no
 * result. Unlike most other functional interfaces, {@code Consumer} is expected
 * to operate via side-effects.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #accept(Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the input to the operation
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Consumer<T> {

    /**
     * Performs this operation on the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the input argument
     */
    void accept(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this
     * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either
     * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the
     * composed operation.  If performing this operation throws an exception,
     * the {@code after} operation will not be performed.
     *
     * @param after the operation to perform after this operation
     * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this
     * operation followed by the {@code after} operation
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null
     */
    default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); };
    }
}
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（1）抽象方法：accept

Consumer 接口中的抽象方法 void accept(T t) ，用于消费一个指定泛型T的数据。

举例如下： 

/**
 * 测试void accept(T t)
 */
@Test
public void acceptMethodTest() {
    acceptMethod("xcbeyond", message -> {
        // 完成字符串的处理，即：通过Consumer接口的accept方法进行对应数据类型(泛型)的消费
        String reverse = new StringBuffer(message).reverse().toString();
        System.out.printf(reverse);
    });
}

/**
 * 定义一个方法，用于消费message字符串
 * @param message
 * @param consumer
 */
public void acceptMethod(String message, Consumer<String> consumer) {
    consumer.accept(message);
}
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（2）方法：andThen

方法 andThen ，可以用来将多个 Consumer 接口连接到一起，完成数据消费。 

/**
 * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this
 * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either
 * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the
 * composed operation.  If performing this operation throws an exception,
 * the {@code after} operation will not be performed.
 *
 * @param after the operation to perform after this operation
 * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this
 * operation followed by the {@code after} operation
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null
 */
default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(after);
    return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); };
}
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举例如下： 

/**
 * 测试Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after)
 * 输出结果：
 *  XCBEYOND
 *  xcbeyond
 */
@Test
public void andThenMethodTest() {
    andThenMethod("XCbeyond", t -> {
        // 转换为大小输出
        System.out.println(t.toUpperCase());
    }, t -> {
        // 转换为小写输出
        System.out.println(t.toLowerCase());
    });
}

/**
 * 定义一个方法，将两个Consumer接口连接到一起，进行消费
 * @param message
 * @param consumer1
 * @param consumer2
 */
public void andThenMethod(String message, Consumer<String> consumer1, Consumer<String> consumer2) {
    consumer1.andThen(consumer2).accept(message);
}
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2. Supplier接口

java.util.function.Supplier 接口，是一个供给型接口，即：生产型接口。只包含一个无参方法： T get() ，用来获取一个泛型参数指定类型的数据。 

package java.util.function;

/**
 * Represents a supplier of results.
 *
 * <p>There is no requirement that a new or distinct result be returned each
 * time the supplier is invoked.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #get()}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of results supplied by this supplier
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Supplier<T> {

    /**
     * Gets a result.
     *
     * @return a result
     */
    T get();
}
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举例如下： 

@Test
public void test() {
    String str = getMethod(() -> "hello world!");
    System.out.println(str);
}

public String getMethod(Supplier<String> supplier) {
    return supplier.get();
}
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3. Predicate接口

java.util.function.Predicate 接口，是一个断定型接口，用于对指定类型的数据进行判断，从而得到一个判断结果（ boolean 类型的值）。 

package java.util.function;

import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Represents a predicate (boolean-valued function) of one argument.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #test(Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the input to the predicate
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Predicate<T> {

    /**
     * Evaluates this predicate on the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the input argument
     * @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate,
     * otherwise {@code false}
     */
    boolean test(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
     * AND of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
     * predicate, if this predicate is {@code false}, then the {@code other}
     * predicate is not evaluated.
     *
     * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
     * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
     * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
     *
     * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ANDed with this
     *              predicate
     * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
     * AND of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
     * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
     */
    default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(other);
        return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
     * predicate.
     *
     * @return a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
     * predicate
     */
    default Predicate<T> negate() {
        return (t) -> !test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
     * OR of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
     * predicate, if this predicate is {@code true}, then the {@code other}
     * predicate is not evaluated.
     *
     * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
     * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
     * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
     *
     * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ORed with this
     *              predicate
     * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
     * OR of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
     * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
     */
    default Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(other);
        return (t) -> test(t) || other.test(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
     * to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of arguments to the predicate
     * @param targetRef the object reference with which to compare for equality,
     *               which may be {@code null}
     * @return a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
     * to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}
     */
    static <T> Predicate<T> isEqual(Object targetRef) {
        return (null == targetRef)
                ? Objects::isNull
                : object -> targetRef.equals(object);
    }
}
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（1）抽象方法：test

抽象方法 boolean test(T t) ,用于条件判断。 

/**
 * Evaluates this predicate on the given argument.
 *
 * @param t the input argument
 * @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate,
 * otherwise {@code false}
 */
boolean test(T t);
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举例如下： 

/**
 * 测试boolean test(T t);
 */
@Test
public void testMethodTest() {
    String str = "xcbey0nd";
    boolean result = testMethod(str, s -> s.equals("xcbeyond"));
    System.out.println(result);
}

/**
 * 定义一个方法，用于字符串的判断。
 * @param str
 * @param predicate
 * @return
 */
public boolean testMethod(String str, Predicate predicate) {
    return predicate.test(str);
}
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（2）方法：and

方法 Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) ，用于将两个 Predicate 进行逻辑”与“判断。 

/**
 * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
 * AND of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
 * predicate, if this predicate is {@code false}, then the {@code other}
 * predicate is not evaluated.
 *
 * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
 * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
 * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
 *
 * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ANDed with this
 *              predicate
 * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
 * AND of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
 * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
 */
default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(other);
    return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t);
}
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（3）方法：negate

方法 Predicate<T> negate() ，用于取反判断。 

 /**
 * Returns a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
 * predicate.
 *
 * @return a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
 * predicate
 */
default Predicate<T> negate() {
    return (t) -> !test(t);
}
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（4）方法：or

方法 Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) ，用于两个Predicate的逻辑”或“判断。 

/**
 * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
 * OR of this predicate and another.  When evaluating the composed
 * predicate, if this predicate is {@code true}, then the {@code other}
 * predicate is not evaluated.
 *
 * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
 * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
 * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
 *
 * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ORed with this
 *              predicate
 * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
 * OR of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
 * @throws NullPointerException if other is null
 */
default Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(other);
    return (t) -> test(t) || other.test(t);
}
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4. Function接口

java.util.function.Function 接口，是一个函数型接口，用来根据一个类型的数据得到另外一个类型的数据。 

package java.util.function;

import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the input to the function
 * @param <R> the type of the result of the function
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {

    /**
     * Applies this function to the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
     *           composed function
     * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function and then applies this function
     * @throws NullPointerException if before is null
     *
     * @see #andThen(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     *
     * @see #compose(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
     * @return a function that always returns its input argument
     */
    static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
        return t -> t;
    }
}
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