教条的接受“唯物主义”的人为什么既不谦逊，更不懂科学？

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向老师导言：

教育不是用水去填满水桶，而是去点燃思想的火焰。一般人口中的“唯物主义”，已经成为了教科书灌输的一种意识形态；很多人奉之为绝对正确的教条，甚至成了另一种不可挑战的无脑神学。可是，当我们理解科学的发展史，甚至追溯到古希腊的自然哲学家，则会发现科学发展的一条线索就是对基本假设的审视与迭代。一个没有对基本假设进行质询、单一意识形态灌输的教科书版本的唯物主义，反而成了一种粗俗不堪的神学，一种基于教条的拜物教。这阻碍了智性在青少年时期的发展，也埋下了不知何为真正谦逊，不知何为真实自然的“唯我独尊，人定胜天”的妄念。

下面分享彼得森教授对迷信唯物主义者的解构，从另外一个层面理解科学和客观实在之间张力。更多认知成长方面的书籍和课程，参考文末 zero to hero书单 。英文哲学课，参考： 给思辨爱好者设计的“英文哲学启蒙课”

我一直在思考这个问题

I've been thinking about this a lot

尤其是和理查德·道金斯谈话之后

especially since talking to Richard Dawkins

【注：理查德·道金斯，英国著名演化生物学家、 动物行为学家和科普作家，英国皇家科学院院士，牛津大学教授，代表作《自私的基因》当今仍在世的最著名、最直言不讳的无神论者和演化论拥护者之一】

后现代学说可以追溯到德里达、福柯学说盛行之前

The post-modernist types going back

way before Derrida and Foucault

也许可以追溯到尼采时代

Maybe back to Nietzsche

顺便说一句，我非常崇拜尼采

who I admire greatly by the way

他说「上帝已死」

He says god is dead

好吧

It's like okay

但尼采说上帝死了

But Nietzsche said "God is dead"

我们杀了上帝，却没有洗清自己手上的血迹

and we have killed him and will not find enough water to

wash away the blood

这就是尼采，他不是傻瓜

So that was nietzsche, he's no fool

-他的文字巧妙地避开了这个问题 -那是当然

-He's got away with words  -He certainly does

所以你会想 我们杀死了超越性存在

So then you think okay well we killed the transcendent

这对科学意味着什么？

What does that mean for science?

它解放了科学，因为所有关于神灵的胡言乱语 都是愚蠢的迷信

It frees it up because all that nonsense about a deity is just

the idiot superstition

它阻止了科学发展的进程

that stops the scientific what process from moving forward

这就是新无神论者的主张云云

that's basically the new atheist claim

但是等等

it's like wait a second

如果你是科学家，你会相信超验的东西吗？

Do you believe in the transcendent if you're a scientist?

答案是：你不仅相信它

And the answer is well not only do you believe in it

你信超验之物更甚它物

you believe in it more than anything else

因为如果你是科学家

Because if you're a scientist

那么你要相信你理论观点的可证伪性

you believe in what objects to your theory

这种信仰胜过于你此时相信自己的理论

more than you believe in your theory

我们必须把这个问题想清楚

We've got to think that through very carefully

你的理论描述了世界

So your theory describes the world

在你看来

And as far as you're concerned

你对世界的描述就是这个世界本身

your description of the world is the world

但因为你是科学家，所以你认为

But because you're a scientist you think

尽管这是我对世界的描述 这就是我所相信的

even though that's my description

of the world and that's what I believe

我所相信的之外还有别的东西

there's something beyond what I believe

那就是客观实在

and that's the object

所以我要把我的理论抛入客观实在

and so I'm going to throw my theory against the object

观察理论撞见现实时 哪里会出现断裂

and see where it'll break

然后我再将断裂处的反例作为佐证

and then i'm going to use the evidence of the break

作为新的信息来源来重构我的理论

as a source of new information to revitalize my theory

所以作为科学家

So as a scientist

你必须先假设一个本体论上的超越性存在

you have to posit the existence of

the ontological transcendent

然后才能继续前进

before you can move forward at all

更重要的是

But more

你必须假设你的理论要与本体论的超验之物接触

you have to posit that contact with the

ontological transcendent

尽管这个假设不讨喜，因为会颠覆你的理论大厦

annoying though it is because it upsets your apple cart

但这恰恰会让你获得自由

is exactly what will in fact set you free

所以你接受了这样一个命题

So then you accept the proposition that

有一个超验的现实

there is a transcendent reality

而与超验现实的接触

and that the that contact with that transcendent reality

是最根本意义上的解脱

is redemptive in the most fundamental sense

因为如果不是这样，你又何必恼于去接触它呢？

Because if it wasn't why would

you bother making contact with

它会带来改变，无论是变得更好或更糟

you're going to make everything worse or better

为什么与超验之物的遭遇会让一个科学家获得自由？

Why does the contact with the transcendent set you free

as a scientist

「自由」是一个本源性的 是超验的

Because you assume that I mean freedom in the most fundamental sense

自由体现在免于匮乏 免于疾病

It's like freedom from want, freedom from disease

远离无知

freedom from ignorance

自由的这些表现都在提示着你 这里面的逻格斯（真理）

-That it informs you, the logos in it...

【注：逻各斯通常使用在哲学之中 在希腊文中，一般的日常语言，或交谈，是用另一个字：λέξις（lexis）来代表它跟逻各斯（λόγος）都起源于相同的字根：λέγω（legō）它的意思是交谈、计算、说话或演说。】

（所以这是隐含在科学里的必要假设）绝对是这样

（so it is implied in the science) It is definitely that

是的，这是一个大方向

Yeah, it's the direction

科学的方向，科学叙事意义上的方向

Let's say the directionality of science,

that's a narrative direction

而不是科学具体研究的方向

not a scientific direction

那么问题来了，科学的叙事是什么？

And then the question is what is the narrative

它假设了一个超验的现实

Well, it posits a transcendent reality

它认为超验的现实具有矫正理论的作用

it posits that the transcendent reality is corrective

它认为我们的知识结构应该被谦逊地看待

it posits that our knowledge structure should be

regarded with humility

它认为你应该屈膝于超验的证据面前

it posits that you should bow down in the face of of

the transcendent evidence

你必须效忠于科学家的誓言

And you have to take a vow you know this, as a scientist

你必须发誓沿着这条路走下去，作为一个真正的科学家

you have to take a vow to follow that path if you're

going to be a real scientist

意味着无论如何，都要求真

It's like the truth no matter what

这意味着你要把真理当作一种救赎的力量

and that means you posit the truth as a redemptive force

救赎是什么意思？

What does redemptive mean?

为什么要搞科学？这样人们才不会挨饿