《定量群学文摘》第五期（上）：家庭教育与代际互动

1. 杨菊华、李路路（2009），代际互动与家庭凝聚力—东亚国家和地区比较研究，《社会学研究》第3期

文章使用2006年东亚社会调查的家庭主题调查，构建了宏观层面的社会变迁与代际互动的理论分析框架，比较、分析中国大陆、日本、韩国、台湾地区家庭凝聚力的现状、特点及相关因素的异同。模型分析结果表明，首先，现代化的进程并没有导致家庭功能的衰落,代际之间在日常照料、经济支持、情感慰藉等方面依然存在密切的互动。这些互惠行为反复且经常发生，当亲子的空间距离邻近时更是如此；其次，东亚四地在家庭凝聚力方面表现出巨大差异，在不同维度的凝聚力方面也展现出明显不同的特征：家庭凝聚力在韩国保存最强，台湾地区次之，中国大陆再次，日本最弱。这些有悖于家庭现代化理论的发现也许是尚在进行的、与现代化相抗衡的维系家庭传统的斗争，而这种斗争也许正是延续代际同住、情感联络、实际支持的强大社会压力的折射，致使在社会变革和家庭变迁面前，亲子之间的资源依赖与互补成功地延续着传统的家庭团结力量。可见，家庭凝聚力具有强大的抗逆力性和适应性，深厚的文化积淀超越了现代化的作用。

2. 伊庆春（2014），台湾地区家庭代间关系的持续与改变——资源与规范的交互作用，《社会学研究》第3期

在快速社会变迁下，华人家庭代间关系的持续与改变能相当程度地反映华人家庭动态进程。本文以台湾地区家庭为例，使用“台湾社会变迁调查”资料，从三个方面来探讨20世纪80年代中期以降台湾地区家庭代间关系的发展。本文首先描绘奉养态度和孝道观念作为影响代间关系之核心价值观的长期变迁趋势及其意涵；其次以成年子女为中心，考察其与上一代父母及下一代成年子女间在金钱给予、劳务提供、情感支持上的代间交换模式；最后检视成年子女和父母间之代间交换如何受到个人资源与文化规范及其交互作用之影响。分析证实，父系规范持续实践于台湾地区的家庭代间交换，且性别规范和婚姻状态也以符合父权文化的家庭运作法则而产生重要的影响。

3. 洪岩璧、赵延东（2014），从资本到惯习:中国城市家庭教育模式的阶层分化，《社会学研究》第4期

本文从布迪厄的阶级理论出发，运用资本和惯习概念，探讨中国城市地区中产阶级与底层阶级在子代的教育投入和教养理念上的差异。通过对2009年一项全国城市地区中小学生及家长调查数据的分析，本文发现在子代教育方面，中产阶级父母在资本投入上有显著优势，但在家庭教养态度惯习上却和底层阶级父母无甚差别。由此可见，当前中国的阶级差异仍主要表现为对资本占有的差异，中产阶级并未在阶级惯习上显著区别于底层阶级。所谓的阶层固化也主要是经济资本构筑的壁垒而已，不同阶层尚未在内在性情上呈现显著区隔。

2. Kiernan K. E., Huerta M. C. 2008. "Economic Deprivation, Maternal Depression, Parenting and Children's Cognitive and Emotional Development in Early Childhood."[J]. British Journal of Sociology(4): 783–806.

This study uses data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to examine the extent to which economic circumstances in infancy and mother's mental well-being are associated with children's cognitive development and behaviour problems at age 3 years, and what part parenting behaviours and attitudes play in mediating these factors. The analyses derived from Structural Equation Modelling show that economic deprivation and maternal depression separately and collectively diminish the cognitive and emotional well-being of children, and part of this diminution emanates from less nurturing and engaged parenting by those with less economic and emotional resources.

3. Martin Karin A. 2009. "Normalizing Heterosexuality: Mothers' Assumptions, Talk, and Strategies with Young Children"[J]. American Sociological Review(2): 190-207.

In recent years, social scientists have identified not just heterosexism and homophobia as social problems, but also heteronormativity-the mundane, everyday ways that heterosexuality is privileged and taken for granted as normal and natural. There is little empirical research, however, on how heterosexuality is reproduced and then normalized for individuals. Using survey data from more than 600 mothers of young children, ages 3 to 6 years old, this article examines how mothers normalize heterosexuality for young children. The data suggest that most mothers, who are parenting in a gendered and heteronormative context to begin with, assume that their children are heterosexual, describe romantic and adult relationships to children as only heterosexual, and make gays and lesbians invisible to their children. Those who consider that their children could some day be gay tend to adopt one of three strategies in response: Most pursue a passive strategy of “crossing their fingers” and hoping otherwise. A very few try to prepare their children for the possibility of being gay. A larger group, primarily mothers from conservative Protestant religions, work to prevent homosexuality. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for understanding sexual identity development and the construction of heteronormativity.

4. Turney Kristin. 2011. "Labored Love: Examining the Link Between Maternal Depression and Parenting Behaviors"[J]. Social Science Research(1): 399-415.

Theoretical perspectives suggest a strong link between maternal mental health and parenting, which may facilitate the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage from depressed mothers to their children. In this paper, I extend prior research by using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3659). Pooled OLS and random-effects regression models document a strong link between maternal depression and the following parenting behaviors: neglect, psychological aggression, physical assault, and engagement. Fixed-effects models, however, show little evidence that changes in maternal depression are linked to changes in parenting behaviors, suggesting some negative consequences of depression are driven by variation across individuals or unobserved time-invariant characteristics. Further, the consequences of depression for parenting behaviors do not vary by mother’s marital status, suggesting that marriage may not be protective with respect to the parenting behaviors of depressed mothers.

5. Bonke Jens, Esping-Andersen Gøsta. 2011. "Family Investments in Children--Productivities, Preferences, and Parental Child Care"[J]. European Sociological Review(1): 43-55.

We study the interplay of preferences and market productivities on parenting, and show the preferences, when identified, provide a better explanation of caring decisions than has, so far, been demonstrated in the literature. We qualify the standard finding the parental education in a key determinant of care by showing important interaction effects with marital homogamy. We find that homogamy has opposite effects on child care and couple specialization for high and low educated parents. Identification has been made possible by a unique couple-based time diary study for Denmark.

6. Axinn William G., Youngdemarco Linda, Ro Meeso Caponi. 2011. "Gender Double Standards in Parenting Attitudes"[J]. Social Science Research(2): 417-432.

This paper investigates the double standard in attitudes toward courtship and family formation behaviors of sons and daughters. We argue there are strong theoretical reasons to expect that the magnitude of this double standard varies across substantive domains, as well as among parents and non-parents. We also argue key methodological limitations of previous studies likely produce an under-estimate of the gender double standard. We provide empirical estimates of the gender double standard that overcome these limitations, including a random-assignment experiment explicitly designed to control the effects of social desirability. These estimates demonstrate variability in the double standard across domains and reveal key factors contributing to the magnitude of the double standards in parenting attitudes held by individuals.

7. Chan Tak Wing, Koo Anita. 2011. "Parenting Style and Youth Outcomes in the UK"[J]. European Sociological Review(3): 385-399.

We apply latent class analysis to data on parent-teenager interaction that was collected in the Youth Panel of the British Household Panel Survey. The three parenting styles that we identify - authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive - correspond quite closely to those proposed by child development psychologists. Multivariate analysis shows that parenting style in contemporary UK is structured primarily by family structure and not by social class. There are consistent and strong associations between parenting style and a wide range of youth outcomes, including subjective well-being and self-esteem, health and risky behaviour, and school results and enrolment.

8. Goodman W. B., Crouter A. C., Lanza S. T., Cox M. J., Vernon-Feagans L. 2011. "Paternal Work Stress and Latent Profiles of Father-Infant Parenting Quality"[J]. Journal of Marriage & Family(3): 588.

The current study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to examine the implications of fathers' experiences of work stress for paternal behaviors with infants across multiple dimensions of parenting in a sample of fathers living in nonmetropolitan communities (N = 492). LPA revealed five classes of fathers based on levels of social-affective behaviors and linguistic stimulation measured during two father-infant interactions. Multinomial logistic regression analyses suggested that a less-supportive work environment was associated with fathers' membership in multiple lower-quality parenting classes. Greater work pressure and a nonstandard work schedule also predicted fathers' membership in the latent parenting classes, although these associations differed depending on the number of hours fathers spent in the workplace.

9. Greenman Emily, Bodovski Katerina, Reed Katherine. 2011. "Neighborhood Characteristics, Parental Practices and Children’S Math Achievement in Elementary School"[J]. Social Science Research(5): 1434.

This paper investigates the relationships among neighborhood characteristics, education-related parental practices, and children’s academic achievement during a critical but under-studied stage of children’s educational trajectories – the elementary school years. Using a large, nationally representative database of American elementary school students – the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) – and contextual data from the 2000 US Census, we examine parental practices and neighborhood characteristics at the beginning of children’s school careers (grades K-1) and their associations with math achievement through the end of the 5th grade. Findings: Net of family-level characteristics, higher levels of early education-oriented parental practices were associated with higher mathematics achievement at the end of 5th grade, while neighborhood disadvantage was associated with lower 5th grade math achievement. Families residing in high poverty, high unemployment, low-education neighborhoods employed fewer education-oriented practices with their kindergarten-first grade children, but the positive effect of such parental practices on children’s mathematics achievement was stronger for children who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods.