5、 经济的高速增长
经济增长和改革之间的关系一直是中国经济学界的热点问题。80年代的主要争论围绕着在改革期间是不是应该放低经济增长速度从而为改革创造一个良好的环境,因为高的增长速度肯定会带来通货膨胀的压力,也许会使得改革政策难以实施(吴敬琏,1985)。这种论点与激进式改革的倡导者们有关宏观稳定化的论点是一样的,有时候也会得到实际的支持。然而中国的经验表明,快速的经济增长本质上也许能够推动而不是阻碍改革的进程。原因在于,给定经济关系的刚性,对一个发展的经济进行市场化改革要比对停滞的经济改革容易得多。王小强(Wang,1993)认为,中国双轨制已经变成了市场价格,主要是因为市场体制导致了经济的增长而不是因为计划体制在绝对量上的减少。例如,1979年-1988年中央计划内钢产量增加了14.9%,全国钢总产量增加了89.25%,尽管如此,中央计划内的钢产量比例从1979年77%下降到了1988年的46.8%。(理论上讲,只要市场一轨增长得比计划一轨快,双轨制就会变成市场经济。)类似的,非公有经济的快速发展主要是来自来经济的高速增长,而不是公有部分的萎缩。从1978到1990年,工业总产值增加了195%,其中公有部分增加了142%,非公有制部分增加了617%;因此,公有制比例从77.63%减少到54.60%。某种意思上说,中国经济是通过增长而摆脱出了计划,摆脱了公有制。增长本身就是推动改革的车轮。
五、总结
中国经济改革的过程表明了“看不见的手”在制度创新中起到了多么巨大的力量。我们预期,改革过程将会按照它自身的逻辑进行。经济学家能够从中国的经验中得到很明显的教训。计划经济的市场化过程是一个所有利益主体相互作用的变革过程。尽管社会的精英们有能力组织一个计划经济,但是没有人能够规划市场经济。原因在于,从本质上来说,市场经济是所有参与者(包括政治家)在无形之手的控制下进行的追求利益的过程。中国的领导者们开始改革的时候并没有想要建设市场经济。相反,他们的目标是,通过刺激人们的积极性,来完善已存在的公有制为基础的计划经济。然而改革自己创造了一条通往市场经济的路。政策鼓励和容忍人们的自利行为,也鼓励和默认自发的制度创新。当农民、工人、干部被允许追求私利的时候,原有体制的缺陷就暴露出来了,有了进一步变革需要,新制度迟早会产生出来。我们认为,一个好的经济体制和坏的经济体制之间的差别,不在于好的体制下没有贼而坏的制度下有贼,而是在好的体制下,人们享有更多的自由和积极性去保护自己的财产不被他人偷窃,而坏的体制则相反。
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