10 Facts on Malaria 关于疟疾的10个事实

Fact 1: Malaria is caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites that are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquito vectors. Of the 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly.

事实1: 疟疾由寄生虫引起，它可以通过受感染的蚊子叮咬传播给人

疟疾由疟原虫寄生虫引起，通过受感染按蚊病媒的叮咬传播给人类。在导致人类罹患疟疾的5种寄生虫中，恶性疟原虫是最致命的。

Fact 2: Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of malaria

In 2015, there were an estimated 212 million malaria cases and some 429 000 malaria deaths. Young children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers from malaria-free areas are particularly vulnerable to the disease when they become infected.

事实2: 全世界约一半人口处于罹患疟疾的风险之中

2015年有2.12亿例疟疾病例，42.9万人死于疟疾。幼童、孕妇以及来自无疟疾流行地区的无免疫力旅客在感染后尤其容易受到此病影响。

Fact 3: Children under 5 are at high risk of malaria

In areas with high transmission of malaria, children under 5 are particularly susceptible to infection, illness and death. More than two thirds (70%) of all malaria deaths occur in this age group. In 2015, about 303 000 African children died before their fifth birthdays.

事实3: 5岁以下儿童是疟疾高风险人群

在疟疾高传播地区，5岁以下儿童尤其容易受到感染、生病和死亡。三分之二以上的疟疾死亡病例（70%）发生在这一年龄组。2015年，大约30.3万名非洲儿童在5岁前死亡。

Fact 4: Malaria mortality rates are falling

Increased malaria prevention and control measures are dramatically reducing the malaria burden in many places. Since 2010, malaria mortality rates have fallen globally by 29% among all age groups, and by 35% among children under 5.

事实4: 疟疾的死亡率正在降低

疟疾防控措施的增加正在使许多地方的疟疾负担大幅度降低。自2010年以来，全球各年龄组的疟疾死亡率降低了29%，5岁以下儿童的疟疾死亡率降低了35%。

Fact 5: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria prevents deaths

Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents deaths. It also contributes to reducing malaria transmission. Access to diagnostic testing and treatment should be seen not only as a component of malaria control but as a fundamental right of all populations at risk.

事实5: 疟疾的早期诊断和及时治疗可预防死亡

早期诊断和及时治疗疟疾能够减少疾病并预防死亡。它还有助于减少疟疾传播。得到诊断检测和治疗不仅应被看作是疟疾控制的一个组成部分，它还是所有危险人群的一项基本权利。

Fact 6: Emerging artemisinin resistance is a major concern

Parasite resistance to artemisinin, the core compound in WHO-recommended combination treatments for uncomplicated malaria, has been detected in 5 countries of south east Asia: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. However, artemisinin-based combination therapies remain effective in almost all settings, as long as the partner drug in the combination is locally effective.

事实6: 新出现的青蒿素耐药性是关注的重大问题

青蒿素是世卫组织推荐的针对无并发症疟疾的联合疗法中的核心成分，已经在5个东南亚国家发现了对其产生耐药性的寄生虫：柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、泰国和越南。然而，只要联合疗法中的搭配药物在当地有效，以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法在绝大多数情况下依旧具有疗效。

Fact 7: Sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets protects against malaria

Long-lasting insecticidal nets provide personal protection against mosquito bites. They can be used as protection for people most at risk of malaria, such as young children and pregnant women in high malaria transmission areas. The nets are effective for 2-3 years, depending on the model and conditions of use. Between 2010 and 2015, there was an 80% increase in the use of insecticide-treated nets for all populations at risk of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa by 80%.

事实7: 在药浸蚊帐中睡眠可保护人们免患疟疾

药浸蚊帐能够对个人带来保护，免受蚊子叮咬。它可用于疟疾高传播地区的危险群体，尤其是为幼儿和孕妇提供保护。这些蚊帐的有效期为2-3年，取决于型号和使用条件。从2010年到2015年，撒哈拉以南非洲地区的疟疾风险人群中使用药浸蚊帐增加了80%。

Fact 8: Indoor residual spraying is the most effective way to rapidly reduce malaria transmission

The full potential of indoor residual spraying is obtained when at least 80% of houses in targeted areas are sprayed. Indoor spraying with insecticides kills the mosquito vector and is effective for 3–6 months, depending on the insecticide used and the type of surface on which it is sprayed. Longer-lasting forms of insecticides are under development.

事实8: 室内滞留喷洒是迅速降低蚊虫密度的最有效手段

当对目标区域逾80%的房屋实施喷洒之后，室内滞留喷洒的潜力就可以得到充分发挥。用杀虫剂进行室内喷洒能够杀死蚊虫媒介，其有效期为3至6个月，这取决于使用的杀虫剂和喷洒的表面类型。效果持续时间更长的杀虫剂正在开发之中。

Fact 9: Pregnant women are particularly at risk of malaria

Pregnant women are at high risk of dying from the complications of severe malaria. Malaria is also a cause of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, stillbirth and severe maternal anaemia, and is responsible for about one third of preventable low-birth-weight babies. For pregnant women living in moderate-to-high transmission areas, WHO recommends intermittent preventive treatment at each scheduled antenatal visit after the first trimester.

事实9: 孕妇面临疟疾风险尤甚

孕妇面临着死于严重疟疾并发症的极高风险。疟疾还是导致自然流产、早产、死产和孕产妇严重贫血的病因，并导致约三分之一的可预防的低出生体重儿。世卫组织建议，对中度至高度传播地区的孕妇在妊娠早期过后每次按时产前检查时进行间歇性预防治疗。

Fact 10: Malaria causes significant economic losses in high-burden countries

In high-burden settings, malaria can trap families and communities in a downward spiral of poverty, disproportionately affecting marginalized and poor people who cannot afford treatment or who have limited access to health care.

事实10: 疟疾在高负担国家造成巨大的经济损失

在高负担国家中，疟疾能够使家庭和社区越来越深地陷入贫困，严重影响边缘化和贫困民众，他们既负担不起治疗，获得的卫生保健也有限。