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经济学人|雄鸡一唱天下白

经济学人双语精读  · 公众号  · 国际  · 2017-01-30 21:06

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导读


    为什么我们要看外国人写的春节呢?难道外国人比中国人自己更了解春节吗?那外国人研究春节有什么意义呢?其实,以春节为重要组成部分的中国传统文化就像一间屋子,中国人坐在屋子里面,能看清屋里的每个细节,但其视野也只能限于屋子内部,无法从更高的维度看清这间屋子所处的位置。而这个问题,只能由站在屋外往里看的人,也就是外国的研究者提供答案了。我想这就是我们读外国人写的春节——不只是春节的意义所在。

    本文摘自《经济学人》1月28期,总体来说,篇幅不长,难度不大,各位读者可以根据小编做的思维导图一起学习~


首先,我们来看思维导图,对文章的脉络有一个清晰的把握:

Lunar new year

农历新年

Rooster boosters

雄鸡一唱天下白

China’s biggest festival is going global

中国最盛大的节日正走向世界

解析

将rooster boosters译为“雄鸡一唱天下白”:本文围绕着“China’s biggest festival is going global”展开。“雄鸡”,一指鸡年,二象征着中国;“一唱天下白”也可以从两个层面理解:一,中国春节走向世界,二,当下美国、欧洲民粹主义抬头,中国将凭借其全球的地位和影响力领导世界,捍卫全球化,取得光明

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我们先来看第一段,第一段在全文的定位如下图,是对“中国新年走向世界”这一主旨的总领,并引出下文。请看:

RED lanterns adorn the aisles of a small supermarket. There are stacks of red envelopes on sale, for stuffing cash in and handing out as gifts. A sign offers seasonal discounts. Such festive trappings are ubiquitous in China in the build-up to the lunar new year, which this year starts on January 28th. But this is Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, where Han Chinese are a mere 2.5% of the country’s population. They are a sign that Chinese new year is becoming a global holiday.

译文

    小型超市的过道挂着红灯笼,货架上摆着一堆堆用来装现金然后作为礼物分发的红包,提示牌上写着春节促销价。在迎新之际,这样的节日景象在中国随处可见。不过这是在缅甸首都仰光,这个国家的华人只占总人口的2.5%左右。从中可以看出,中国新年正在成为一个全球性的节日。

解析

    我们首先来看前三句话:

RED lanterns adorn the aisles of a small supermarket. There are stacks of red envelopes on sale, for stuffing cash in and handing out as gifts. A sign offers seasonal discounts.


    这三句话分别从红灯笼、红包、春节促销三个角度体现节日气氛的。这三句话不难,讲两个地方:


    Adorn 相当于 decorate,常见的搭配为 adorn sth. with sth. 比如文中的句子我们可以改写成:

The aisles of a small supermarket is adorned with red lanterns.

    其名词形式为adornment, 我们用adornment再把原文改写一下:

RED lanterns are the adornments of the aisles of a small supermarket.

Or

RED lanterns are hanged in the aisles of a small supermarket for adornment.

 

    Stacks of 指“(排放整齐的)堆”,我们之前讲过,a+量词+of+n. 或者 量词复述+of+n. 就相当于many,即使你不认识中间的量词,也完全可以推断出它是什么意思。比如文中的stack你如果不认识,看到stacks of red envelopes这种结构,完全可以理解为many envelopes。


    A sign offers seasonal discounts中,a sign指超市货物上面挂着的价格牌,seasonal此处指春节,discounts 是“折扣”的意思,这句话的意思是,超市商品价格牌上写着春节促销价

    我们再来看下一句:

Such festive trappings are ubiquitous in China in the build-up to the lunar new year, which this year starts on January 28th.


    festive trappings是对上面red lanterns, red envelopes, seasonal discounts的总结,即红灯笼、红包、春节促销价都是一派节日的景象(festive trappings),trappings一词牛津的解释是:an indication of some status or position,美国传统英汉双解词典的解释是:Characteristic or symbolic signs. 通过这两条英文解释大家完全可以弄懂trappings一词的含义,在这里小编将festive trappings译为“节日气氛/景象”.

 

    Ubiquitous 指“无所不在的”,它有很多同义词,比如omnipresent, pervasive, universal, prevalent, rife等,除了rife因尤指不好事物的普遍存在而不适用于本文语境,其它的都可以和ubiquitous替换。

 

    in the build-up to相当于in the lead-up to,表示“在...之前”,比如文章中的 in the build-up to the lunar new year可以替换为” in the lead-up to the lunar new year”。

    此外,build up to sth. 作为动词,表示“为...准备着/做好准备”,相当于”prepare for sth.”,我们可以把文中句子改写一下:

Such festive trappings are becoming ubiquitous in China as we build up to the lunar new year.

    我们再来看本段的最后一部分:

But this is Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, where Han Chinese are a mere 2.5% of the country’s population. They are a sign that Chinese new year is becoming a global holiday.


    文章开始先描述出一派春节气氛,有意且不漏痕迹地使读者误认为这是在中国,随后But一个转折,告诉大家这其实是在仰光,如此一来,便巧妙地体现出“中国春节走向世界”这一主旨。


    Yangon是缅甸(Myanmar)首都仰光,今后大家在翻译的时候要注意,为美方翻译时,“缅甸”要翻成”Burma”,当为中方做翻译时,要翻成”Myanmar”,这涉及政治问题,在这里不再赘述。


    Han Chinese指汉族人,缅甸的汉族人极少,只占全国总人口的2.5%(are/account for a mere 2.5% of the country’s population),这更能体现出春节真真确确的走向世界。


    Chinese new year is becoming a global holiday和副标题China’s biggest festival is going global互为广义同义词/句,何为广义同义词/句?在表达时,同一个意思并非只对应着一种表达方式,而是多种,这些表达方式在一定语境下可以互换,从而形成一串或一群对应的表达方式。在阅读中,我们要注意积累这些广义同义词,这样才能使自己的表达、写作如行云流水。比如文章中,我们说“中国春节走向世界”,既可以用”going global”来表达,也可以用”become a global holiday”来表达,多积累一些广义同义词,可以使自己的文章更加灵活、顺畅。


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我们再来看第二段,第二段在全文的定位可以参考下面的思维导图,已用红色圆圈标出:

Several countries in Asia celebrate the lunar new year in their own way. But dragon and lion dances in Chinatowns the world over have helped to make China’s the most famous. These days growing numbers of people who are not of Chinese descent are joining in. In Tokyo window cleaners dress up as the animals of the Chinese zodiac. Barcelona’s Chinese parade includes dracs (a Catalan species of dragon). America, Canada and New Zealand have issued commemorative stamps for the year of the chicken (or cock or rooster, as the animal of 2017 is sometimes called, inaccurately: the Chinese word is gender neutral). Last year New York city made the lunar new year a school holiday for the first time.

译文

    亚洲很多国家都在以自己的方式庆祝农历新年。不过世界各地唐人街的舞龙舞狮是最著名的庆祝活动。近日,越来越多非华裔人士也加入进来。在东京,门窗清洁工打扮成中国十二生肖中的动物形象;巴塞罗那的春节巡游活动中就有德拉克(一种加泰罗尼亚龙);美国、加拿大和新西兰发行了鸡年(2017年生肖动物有时被错误的叫为公鸡或雄鸡:中文中的“鸡”是中性的)纪念邮票;去年,纽约首次把农历新年设定为学校假期。

解析

    第二段从社会层面论证“中国春节走向世界”这一主旨。这一段我们分成两部分讲解,第一部分:华裔人士如何庆祝春节;第二部分:非华裔人士如何庆祝春节。我们先来看第一部分:

Several countries in Asia celebrate the lunar new year in their own way. But dragon and lion dances in Chinatowns the world over have helped to make China’s the most famous.


    文章说,亚洲许多国家(Several countries in Asia)都以自己的方式(in their own way)庆祝春节(celebrate the lunar new year)。但世界各地(the world over)唐人街(Chinatowns)的舞龙舞狮表演(dragon and lion dances)是最著名的庆祝活动。


    这句话的结构和用词都比较简单,the world over相当于over the world,表示“全世界”。此外还有一些有关春节的表达我们需要注意一下,比如,“舞龙舞狮”我们可以说”dragon and lion dances”.

    我们再来看第二部分:非华裔人士如何庆祝春节。这一部分相对较为零散,所以作者在前面加了一句总领句:

These days growing numbers of people who are not of Chinese descent are joining in.


    Growing numbers of...表示“越来越多的...”,可以替换为an incremental/increasing number of,以后大家别再用more and more了,用点高级点的。


    are joining in注意一下,它和上一部分celebrate the lunar new year互为广义同义词。上一部分作者在谈到很多亚洲国家庆祝新年时,用的是celebrate,这一部分为了避免重复,便用了join in,这种同义变换的写作手法大家一定要注意积累、思考,积累、思考的多了,灵感自然就来了。

    下面我们具体看一看他们具体是怎么庆祝春节的,先看东京和巴塞罗那:

In Tokyo window cleaners dress up as the animals of the Chinese zodiac. Barcelona’s Chinese parade includes dracs (a Catalan species of dragon).

 

    在东京,门窗清洁工打扮成(dress up as)中国十二生肖中的动物形象;巴塞罗那的春节巡游活动(Barcelona’s Chinese parade)中就有德拉克(一种加泰罗尼亚龙)。


    Dress up as 意思是“打扮成”;zodiac 指的是“生肖”,关于生肖,大家有兴趣的话可以思考一下为什么十二生肖里没有熊猫,如果被老外问到这个问题答不上来,那就有点尴尬了。


    Parade此处指“节日游行”,相当于”procession”. 小编想起自己小时候,每逢正月十五,大街上便人山人海,人们争相看表演,一边向前挤一边伸长脖子看,场景跟下图差不多,这就叫parade或procession。

    接下来我们看美国、加拿大、新西兰:

America, Canada and New Zealand have issued commemorative stamps for the year of the chicken (or cock or rooster, as the animal of 2017 is sometimes called, inaccurately: the Chinese word is gender neutral).


    美国、加拿大和新西兰发行了(have issued)鸡年(2017年生肖动物有时被错误的叫为公鸡或雄鸡:中文中的“鸡”是中性的)纪念邮票(commemorative stamps for the year of the chicken)。


    Issue作动词讲是“发行,颁发”的意思,一般指邮票、股票、期刊、证件等。


    commemorative stamps for the year of the chicken 的意思是“鸡年纪念邮票”,我们可以举一反三,“建国70周年纪念邮票”可以说”commemorative stamps for the 70th anniversary of the founding of the PRC”。

    我们最后来看纽约:

Last year New York city made the lunar new year a school holiday for the first time.


    去年,纽约首次把农历新年设定为学校假期。


    “把...定为节假日”可以像文中一样用”make...a holiday”。习大大前几年把9月3日定为抗战胜利纪念日,当时外交部是这么翻的:set/designate September 3rd as the memorial day for the victory of China’s war against Japanese invasion. 因此也可以用”set/designate...as...”.

 

    整体来说,这一部分描述居多,大家可以在大脑中形成一幅图画,并进行复述,有利于消化吸收。


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我们继续看第三段,第三段主要分析了农历新年走向世界的两个原因,其在全文的定位如下图:

为什么世界各地都在庆祝新年?本段分别以is partly due to和It also reflects为标志,分析了两个原因,我们一起来看:

The spread of the spring festival, as China calls it, is partly due to recent emigration from China: 9.5m Chinese people have moved abroad since 1978, many of them far richer than earlier waves of migrants. It also reflects the wealth and globe-trotting ambitions of China’s new middle class: festivities in other countries are partly aimed at the 6m Chinese who are expected to spend their weeklong holiday abroad this year. International brands are trying to lure these big spenders with chicken-themed items.

译文

    中国将这一现象称为“春节的传播”,究其原因,一是近来中国的海外移民:自1978年以来,共计950万中国人移居海外,其中许多人比早期移民更加富有。二是中国新兴中产阶级的财富和全球旅游的强烈愿望:预计今年将有600万中国人将在国外度过一周长的假期,海外春节活动一定程度上是针对这群人举办的。国际品牌努力用鸡年主题的产品吸引这些财大气粗的消费者。

解析

    我们先来看第一个原因:

The spread of the spring festival, as China calls it, is partly due to recent emigration from China: 9.5m Chinese people have moved abroad since 1978, many of them far richer than earlier waves of migrants.


    这一部分是说,春节之所以这么火,部分原因是海外移民,然后通过一些数据稍微展开说了一下。难度不大,简单讲两个地方:


    Emigration的意思后文给出了,指people who have moved abroad. 前缀ex-表示”out”,其反义词为immigration.


    Wave 作量词讲,可理解为“一波”,大家都玩过植物大战僵尸吧,一波一波的僵尸就可以说waves after waves of zombies. 正好刚才我们讲过,a+量词+of+n. 或者 量词复述+of+n. 就相当于many,这里顺便复习一下。

    我们再来看第二个原因:

It also reflects the wealth and globe-trotting ambitions of China’s new middle class: festivities in other countries are partly aimed at the 6m Chinese who are expected to spend their weeklong holiday abroad this year. International brands are trying to lure these big spenders with chicken-themed items.


    Reflect的意思是“反映,表明”,但归根结底,还是表示原因。原因是什么?中国新兴中产阶级(China’s new middle class)的财富和环球旅行的强烈愿望(globe-trotting ambitions)。


    Trot指“小跑”,ambition除了大家熟知的“抱负”,还有“强烈的愿望”的意思,相当于”strong desire”,globe-trotting ambitions的意思就是“世界旅行的强烈愿望”。


    其他国家的庆祝活动(festivities in other countries)一定程度上是针对(are partly aimed at)600万预计在国外度过一周长假的中国人(the 6m Chinese who are expected to spend their weeklong holiday abroad)


    Festivity单数时指“庆祝,欢庆”,复述时指“庆祝活动,庆典”,如

The festivities started with a procession through the town.

庆祝活动以全城巡游开始。

    最后一句写出了国外举办庆祝活动的目的所在:

International brands are trying to lure these big spenders with chicken-themed items.


    原来是为了吸引这些财大气粗的消费者。

    Lure既可以作名词也可以作动词,意思是“诱惑,吸引”,常见搭配有三个,第一个是文中用法:lure sb. with. sth. 用某物诱惑/吸引某人

第二个搭配是:lure sb. into doing sth. 诱惑/吸引某人做某事。我们可以用这个搭配把文章原句改写一下:

International brands are trying to lure these big spenders into buying chicken-themed items.

第三个搭配是:lure sb away,比如现在很多人特别喜欢玩手机,手机简直成了身体上的一个器官,沉迷手机,荒于学业,这时我们可以说:

Smart phones are luring youngsters away from their lessons.

 

    海外游的中国旅客购买力生猛,经常让老外目瞪口呆,big spender就是来形容这些人的,可以翻译为“财大气粗的消费者”。

 

    我们回顾这一段,本段讲了两个原因,分别用”is partly due to sth.”和”it also reflects sth.”来引导,这又是一组很好的搭配组合。我们在解锁英语写作中原因分析的新姿势(一)中也补充过一组搭配,大家可以点进去复习一下,不断积累、思考,偶尔获得些灵感。


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4

下面作者从政治层面论证“中国春节走向世界”这一主旨,本段定位请看思维导图红色部分:

Conscious of China’s growing economic and political clout, foreign leaders have taken to noting the occasion. Britain’s prime minister, Theresa May, has given a video address, a tradition started in 2014 by her predecessor, David Cameron. Last year the country’s royal family tweeted a picture of Queen Elizabeth dotting the eye of a Chinese lion-dancer’s costume. Also in 2016, Venezuela’s culture minister admitted that his country was celebrating Chinese new year for the first time—with six weeks of festivities—in a bid to improve economic ties with China. It is rumoured that this year’s World Economic Forum in Davos was held a week earlier than usual to avoid clashing with Chinese new year.

译文

    国外领导人在意识到中国经济政治影响力日益强盛之后,开始注意到中国传统春节。英国首相特里莎·梅发表了视频讲话,这一传统可追溯至2014年其前任首相大卫·卡梅伦的春节视频祝福。去年,英国王室发布了一条照片推送,照片显示英国女王伊丽莎白为舞狮点睛。同样在2016年,委内瑞拉文化部部长承认,该国首次庆祝中国新年,庆典持续了六周,旨在发展同中国的经济联系。据说,今年的达沃斯世界经济论坛比以往提前一周举办,以避免同中国新年撞期。 

解析

    我们先来看第一句:

Conscious of China’s growing economic and political clout, foreign leaders have taken to noting the occasion.


    这一句总领下文,说,这些外国领导人意识到(conscious of)中国日益增强的经济政治影响力(growing economic and political clout)后,已经开始(have taken to)注意到中国传统春节(the occasion)。


Growingincreasing表示“越来越...”或“逐渐”这一概念,比如有的男生在谈恋爱的过程中,会对女朋友逐渐冷淡,这时我们可以说:

his growing indifference to her

    川普上台后,人们越来越担心中美之间的贸易战,这时我们可以说:

There is growing concern over the risks of the possible trade war between China and America.

 

    Clout 表示“实力,权势,影响力”,常见的搭配有两种,一种是文中出现的economic/political clout,经济/政治影响力;另一种是the clout to do sth,有实力做某事,比如:

Few countries have the clout to stand up to America in the international arena.

再比如:

An official protest could carry considerable clout.

正式的抗议可能具有相当大的影响力。

 

Take to 表示“开始做”,比如鲁迅弃医从文:

He gave up medicine and took to literature.

    下面我们看特里莎·梅怎么做的:

Britain’s prime minister, Theresa May, has given a video address, a tradition started in 2014 by her predecessor, David Cameron.


    梅姨做了一个视频讲话(has given a video address),这一传统始于2014年(a tradition started in 2014),由梅姨前任大卫·卡梅伦发起(by her predecessor, David Cameron)。

    这句话没有生词,我们继续往下看:

Last year the country’s royal family tweeted a picture of Queen Elizabeth dotting the eye of a Chinese lion-dancer’s costume.


    去年,英国皇室(royal family)在推特上发了(tweeted)一张伊丽莎白女王为舞狮点睛(dotting the eye of a Chinese lion-dancer’s costume)的照片。

 

    一个企业如果产品做的足够好、足够大,那么它产品的名字就会被当做动词来使用,比如Uber,我们可以说Let’s Uber,表示“乘优步去”;再比如推特,文中说”tweeted a picture”,表示“在推特上发了一张照片”。一个产品的名字能否被当做动词使用,能体现出该产品的受欢迎程度。


   从" dotting the eye of a Chinese lion-dancer’s costume"中我们可以得到启示,“画龙点睛”可以说”dot the eye of the dragon”。

    我们继续看委内瑞拉:

Also in 2016, Venezuela’s culture minister admitted that his country was celebrating Chinese new year for the first time—with six weeks of festivities—in a bid to improve economic ties with China.


    同样在2016年(Also in 2016),委内瑞拉文化部长承认(Venezuela’s culture minister admitted),该国首次庆祝中国新年(was celebrating Chinese new year for the first time),庆典持续了六周(with six weeks of festivities),旨在(in a bid)发展同中国的经济联系(to improve economic ties with China)。

 

    这句话比较简单,只讲一个地方:

    In a bid to do sth. 表示目的,“为了”,相当于to do, in order to do, as part of an effort to do, so as to do 等。

    看下一句话,有关达沃斯:

It is rumoured that this year’s World Economic Forum in Davos was held a week earlier than usual to avoid clashing with Chinese new year.


    据传(It is rumoured that),今年的达沃斯世界经济论坛(this year’s World Economic Forum in Davos)比以往提前一周举办(was held a week earlier than usual),以避免同中国新年撞期(to avoid clashing with Chinese new year)。

 

It is rumoured that 表示“据传”,可以替换为

There are rumours that...

Rumour has it that

Rumours are going round(someplace) that

散播谣言”可以说”circulate/spread rumours


Para.

5

我们再来看最后一段,这一段主要讲了中国春节走向世界的意义,其在全文的定位如下:

China hopes the festival will boost its cultural “soft power” abroad. So it sponsors related events, such as a display this year of martial arts in Cyprus and a traditional Chinese temple-fair in Harare, Zimbabwe. It may give Chinese officials satisfaction to see foreigners enjoy such festivities. They lament the growing enthusiasm among Chinese for Western celebrations such as Christmas—in December cities across China are bedecked with Santas and snowflake decorations. Chinese new year is a welcome chance to reverse the cultural flow.

译文

    中国希望春节能够增强它在海外的文化“软实力”,因此它发起了一些与春节有关的活动,比如今年在塞浦路斯进行的武术表演和在津巴布韦首都哈拉雷举行的中国传统庙会。看到这些庆祝活动让外国人乐在其中,中国官员或许会心满意足。他们曾叹息中国人越来越热衷于过像圣诞节这样的西方节日,每年十二月中国各城市装点着圣诞老人和雪花的装饰。中国的新年正好是扭转文化逆差的一个契机。

解析

    我们先来看第一句:

China hopes the festival will boost its cultural “soft power” abroad. So it sponsors related events, such as a display this year of martial arts in Cyprus and a traditional Chinese temple-fair in Harare, Zimbabwe.


    中国希望春节能增强(boost)它在海外的(abroad)文化“软实力”(cultural “soft power”),因此它发起了(So it sponsors)一些与春节有关的活动(related events),比如今年在塞浦路斯进行的武术表演(a display of martial arts)和在津巴布韦首都哈拉雷举行的中国传统庙会(a traditional Chinese temple-fair)。


    这一部分我们主要讲一个构词法,n.+v(被动)=adj.

    第三段讲原因时末尾有这么一个词:”chicken-themed items”(鸡年主题的产品),其中”chicken-themed”就是“n.+v(被动)”结构,构成形容词“与鸡年主题有关的”。

    同样,本句有一个related events,其实它的意思就是”spring festival-related events”(春节有关的活动),其中”spring festival-related”就是“n.+v(被动)”结构,构成形容词“与春节有关的”。

    再比如,句中sponsor一词做动词,表示“发起,主办,资助”等,它有一些搭配,如:UN-sponsored / US-sponsored / government-sponsored,它们的意思是supported and encouraged by the un , the US etc. 由联合国促成的/美国安排的/政府扶持的等,其结构均为“n.+v(被动)”,构成形容词。

    这次我们以文中三个用法为例,大家在今后的阅读中可以注意积累总结,积累的多了,总结的到位了,就能运用自如了。

    我们继续来看:

It may give Chinese officials satisfaction to see foreigners enjoy such festivities.


    看到这些庆祝活动让外国人乐在其中(to see foreigners enjoy such festivities),中国官员或许会心满意足(It may give Chinese officials satisfaction)。


    “使某人心满意足”除了make sb. satisfied”,还可以像文中一样用”give sb. satisfaction”。

    我们再来看下一句:

They lament the growing enthusiasm among Chinese for Western celebrations such as Christmas—in December cities across China are bedecked with Santas and snowflake decorations.


    他们曾叹息(They lament)中国人越来越热衷于(the growing enthusiasm among Chinese)过像圣诞节这样的西方节日(for Western celebrations such as Christmas),每年十二月中国各城市(cities across China)装点着(are bedecked with)圣诞老人和雪花的装饰。


    Lament,意思是“为…感到遗憾;惋惜”,我们有时会产生一种伤春悲秋的感觉,我们可以说:

lament the passing of time

   Lament还经常与一下词连用:

lamented the fact that

lament the lack / absence / decline etc of sth

    比如我们把文中的句子改写一下:

They lament the lack/absence/decline of enthusiasm among Chinese for traditional spring festival.

 

    Bedeck的意思是“装饰,点缀”,相当于”decorate”,常见的搭配为be bedecked with sth,比如我们可以用这个词把文章第一句话改写一下:

The aisles of a small supermarket are bedecked with red lanterns.

    我们再来看最后一句话:

Chinese new year is a welcome chance to reverse the cultural flow.


    the cultural flow在这里指“文化逆差”:西方文化大量流入中国,而中国的传统文化很少得到外国人认同,如同“贸易逆差”,进口多出口少。虽然世界各地频频掀起“中国热”,但“热”并不等于沟通,交流也未必意为着认同,传统文化必须通过创新途径,才能转化为影响力。

    Reverse the cultural flow指“扭转文化逆差”。

祝大家鸡年大吉,学习进步!