Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
I want to begin by observing that scientific research is a communal activity and that neither Bengt Holmström nor I could have won this prize without the help of many others. We had the crucial support of our teachers, co-authors, students, and family members, some of whom are here tonight. We are enormously grateful to them.
Bengt Holmström's connection to Sweden is well-known - he is a Swedish-speaking Finn. Mine is less well known, but it is still very important. Part of my family is Danish and my mother's brother, together with his daughter, my cousin, were among those who escaped to Sweden in the famous boatlift of Danish Jews in 1943. Without Sweden's willingness to accept refugees this part of my family would not have survived.
My cousin is here tonight as one of my guests.
At a troubled time in the world, this is a reminder of how important it can be for a country to open its doors to those suffering from persecution.
I became an economist for rather unusual reasons. I graduated with a degree in mathematics in 1969. This was in the midst of student revolutions and the idea of getting a real job seemed unattractive. The answer, of course, was further study. But in what? People told me that mathematics was being applied to economics, and I also had a second reason for choosing that field. I used to like to argue about politics, but I found that my fellow-debaters at some stage raised an issue like the balance of payments and at this point I lost the argument.
I decided that I had to learn something about this subject!
After 47 years working in the area, I have learned that economics is both more and less powerful than people think. It is more powerful because it provides an indispensable set of tools for understanding human behavior. Whether we are talking about an individual's decision about how much education to get, a firm's decision about how much to invest, or a society's decision about how best to tackle global warming, economics can provide an invaluable perspective. In the context of the current prize my co-laureate and I have shown that economics can throw light on whether teachers should be rewarded according to their students' test scores; or whether prisons should be run by private companies or by the government.
This is the good news about economics. It can help us to understand many things. The bad news is that it is not the whole story. For understanding many questions other things matter too: psychology, history, sociology, politics. This is the sense in which economics is less powerful than people think. It provides only part of the answer.
With the award of this prize I know that people will listen to Bengt and me in a way that they never did before. I hope that, as we promote the insights of economics, we always remember that other voices need to be heard too.
Let me close by thanking those who have bestowed this amazing honor on the two of us. Bengt and I are deeply grateful.
美国或英国式的明显特征是拥有大批小股东。这一特征产生两个在股东人数少的小公司中不重要的问题。首先,所有者即股东,虽然他们的特征是以投票的形式拥有公司(最终)剩余控制权,但是他们人数太多而且拥有的股份太少,以致难以行使日常控制权。这样一来,他们便将其日常的经营控制权委托给董事会,董事会又将其委托给经理。用贝利和米恩斯(
Berle and Means
,
1933
)的著名的话来说,这就是所有权与控制权的分离。
4、
敌意接管。到本节为止所描述机制(董事会的监督、大股东的监督和代理人之争)的主要问题是,那些花费成本改善管理的人,只能从获利中得到小部分(或相对小的部分)。敌意接管原则上是约束管理者更加强有力的机制,因为它可使得一个识别成效低劣公司的人获得巨大报酬。为搞清敌意接管是如何进行的,现设想在现有的经营管理下,公司价值为
V
,如果管理得当,公司价值可以提高到
V+g
。于是某人(袭击者)用价格
V
买下公司所有股份,采用新的经营管理方法,这样他的股份可赚得资本收益
g
。由此接管者通过改进管理为自身获得收益的
100%
,这些收益是他自己独占而不是与他人共享。
事实上,敌意接管的利益可能比上述证明所应获得的利益要少。因为,首先有“搭便车”的问题。那些相信他们的决定不可能对投标成功产生影响的小股东们有动力不对袭击者投标支持,因为他们这样做能通过自己持有股份而按比例获得资本利益
g
的一部分。实际上,如果每个股东都是无足轻重的,而且公司法不允许成功的袭击者剥夺少数不愿效力的股东的所有权,那么可以证明唯一成功的接管是那些对被接管企业的报价是
V+g
的袭击者。当然,这意味着袭击者无利可图,而且一旦将事前的投标费用(包括确定接管目标费用)考虑进去,事实上会遭受损失。
其次,袭击者可能面临来自其他接管者和少数股东的竞争。袭击者对公司接管可能提醒别人注意到公司经营品质低劣的事实(管理者也邀请其他接管者扮演“白衣骑士”来投标并提供非公开的信息支持这些接管者)。一场投标之战(
bidding war
)不可避免,公司的价格会抬高到
V+g
。投标之战会降低袭击者的事后利润,而且一旦考虑到事前投标费用,可能使袭击者遭受损失。