错报数据？这家药企三天两次公布疫苗有效性！两针更好？这些疫苗一针灵！本周还有这些新冠研究新进展...

Dr. Boarhead’s Summary of Global Updates on the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: 5 April 2021

1. bioRxiv: B.1.1.7 变异株的纤突蛋白出现八种变异。研究人员培养了多种新冠病毒毒株，各含其中一种变异，还有一株含全部八种变异。研究发现，与其他各毒株相比，含 N501Y 变异的毒株在仓鼠上呼吸道与人体气管细胞中复制更快，更容易在动物间传播。 （ 3 月 9 日）

［关键信息］ N501Y 变异或系 B.1.1.7 变异株肆虐的原因。

bioRxiv: B.1.1.7 carries eight changes in the virus’s spike protein. A bevy of SARS-CoV-2 strains was generated, each with one of the individual spike mutations in B.1.1.7, as well as one carrying all the eight. It was found that (1) strains with a mutation called N501Y replicated more quickly than other strains in the upper respiratory tracts of hamsters and in airway cells from humans and (2) they spread more readily between animals. <9 Mar.>

[key info] N501Y might explain the rampage of B.1.1.7.

[link]

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434499v1

2. 《新英格兰医学杂志》 ： 研究人员开展 AZD1222 疫苗功效分析。受试者平均分为两组，一组接种两剂含 5×10^10 病毒颗粒的疫苗，一组接种安慰剂。主要终点分析发现，在 717 名安慰剂接种者中，23 人感染轻至中度新冠肺炎（ 3.2% ）；在 750 名疫苗接种者中，19 人感染（ 2.5% ），疫苗有效率达 21.9% 。在 42 名感染者中，39 人感染 B.1.351 变异株（ 92.9% ）。次要终点分析发现，疫苗针对该毒株的有效率为 10.4% 。 （ 3 月 16 日 ）

［关键信息］ 两剂一组的 AZD1222 疫苗对 B.1.351 变异株未能显出有效的抵御作用。

New England Journal of Medicine : A trial to assess the efficacy of the AZD1222 vaccine was conducted. Participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of the vaccine containing 5×10^10 viral particles or placebo. In the primary end-point analysis, mild to moderate COVID-19 developed in 23 of 717 placebo recipients (3.2%) and in 19 of 750 vaccine recipients (2.5%), for an efficacy of 21.9%. Among the 42 participants with COVID-19, 39 cases (92.9%) were caused by the B.1.351 variant; vaccine efficacy against this variant, analyzed as a secondary end point, was 10.4%. <16 Mar.>

[key info] A two-dose regimen of the AZD1222 vaccine does not show effective protection against the B.1.351 variant.

[link]

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2102214?query=featured_coronavirus

3. 《科学》： 斯洛伐克在 2020 年末开展数轮全员新冠抗原快速检测。在开展两轮大规模检测的 45 个县，新冠肺炎监测患病率一周内下降 58% 。 （ 3 月 23 日 ）

［关键信息］ 研究证明， 大规模抗原检测对斯洛伐克遏制新冠疫情产生效果。

Science : Slovakia conducted rounds of population-wide rapid antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 in late 2020. Observed COVID-19 prevalence decreased by 58% within one week in the 45 counties that were subject to two rounds of mass testing. <23 Mar.>

[key info] Mass antigen testing campaigns proved effective in curbing COVID-19 in Slovakia.

[link]

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/03/22/science.abf9648

4. 《柳叶刀》： 一项横断面分析显示，非洲大陆的第二波新冠疫情较第一波更严重，故有必要在跨国大区和国家层面长期监测多项流行病学变量。 （ 3 月 24 日）

［关键信息］ 非洲第二波疫情更严峻。

Lancet : A cross-sectional analysis showed that the African continent had a more severe second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic than the first, which highlights the importance of examining multiple epidemiological variables down to the regional and country levels over time. <24 Mar.>

[key info] The severity of the second wave in Africa has surpassed the first.

[link]

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00632-2/fulltext

5. 《美国医学会杂志》： 对 于患有中至重度低氧血症的新冠患者，与经鼻高流量氧疗相比，头盔式无创通气疗法在 28 天内并没有明显减少呼吸支持的天数。 （ 3 月 25 日）

［关键信息］ 头盔式无创通气疗法或无法改善病患的呼吸状况。

Journal of the American Medical Association : Among patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemia, treatment with helmet noninvasive ventilation, compared with high-flow nasal oxygen, resulted in no significant difference in the number of days free of respiratory support within 28 days. <25 Mar.>

[key info] Helmet noninvasive ventilation may not improve patients’ respiratory situation.

[link]

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778088

6. 《自然》： 阿斯利康 宣布，一项重要的三期临床试验发现， AZD1222 疫苗有效性达 76% 。 三天前 ，该司曾 披露该疫苗有效性达 79% ，却 被控错报中期结果。 科学界希望这场混乱不会对这支疫苗的声誉产生长期损害。 （ 3 月 25 日）

［关键信息］ 阿斯利康错报其疫苗有效性数据。

Nature : A key phase 3 clinical trial found the AZD1222 vaccine to be 76% effective at preventing COVID-19, AstraZeneca announced, three days after it reported a slightly higher efficacy of 79% but wa s accus e d of misrepresenti ng i nt erim resul ts . Scientists hope the kerfuffle will not cause lasting damage to the vaccine’s reputation. <25 Mar.>

[key info] AstraZeneca misrepresented the efficacy of its vaccine.

[link]

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00836-z

7. 美国消费者新闻与商业频道： 美国疾病控制与预防中心对近 4000 名医务人员开展一项新研究。结果显示，单剂辉瑞或莫德纳公司的新冠疫苗在预防感染方面有效性达 80% 。第二剂接种两周后，有效性升至 90% 。 （ 3 月 2 9 日）

［关键信息］ 单剂辉瑞或莫德纳疫苗可能足够有效。

CNBC: A new US CDC study of nearly 4,000 healthcare workers found that a single dose of Pfizer’s or Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine was 80% effective in preventing coronavirus infections. The vaccines’ effectiveness jumped to 90% two weeks after the second dose. <29 Mar.>

[key info] One dose of Pfizer’s or Moderna’s vaccine may be effective enough.

[link]

https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/cdc-study-shows-single-dose-of-pfizer-or-moderna-covid-vaccines-was-80percent-effective.html

8. 《柳叶刀》： 英国开展的疫苗有效性研究显示，对于 B.1.1.7 变异株引发的有症状新冠肺炎，AZD1222 的有效性为 70.4% ；对于其他毒株引发的有症状新冠肺炎，有效性为 81.5% 。 （ 3 月 30 日）

［关键信息］ AZD1222 疫苗对 B.1.1.7 变异株的有效性不如对其他毒株的有效性。

Lancet : According to the vaccine efficacy studies in the UK, AZD1222 was 70.4% against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by B.1.1.7 and 81.5% against that caused by non-B.1.1.7. <30 Mar.>

[key info] AZD1222 showed a higher efficacy in non-B.1.1.7 cases.

[link]

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00628-0/fulltext

9. 辉瑞： 一项对 927 例有症状新冠病例展开的分析表明，BNT162b2 疫苗对新冠病毒非常有效，第二剂接种后 7 天至 6 个月的监测有效性为 91.3% 。在 B.1.351 变异株肆虐的南非，该疫苗预防新冠的有效性达 100% 。 （ 4 月 1 日）

［关键信息］ BNT162b2 疫苗对 B.1.351 变异株的有效性为 100% 。

Pfizer: An analysis of 927 symptomatic COVID-19 cases demonstrates that the BNT162b2 vaccine is highly effective with 91.3% vaccine efficacy observed against COVID-19, measured seven days through up to six months after the second dose. The vaccine is 100% effective in preventing COVID-19 cases in South Africa, where the B.1.351 lineage is prevalent. <1 Apr.>

[key info] BNT162b2 is 100% effective against the B1.351 variant.

[link]

https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-confirm-high-efficacy-and-no-serious

* * *

This is issue eight, edited on the basis of information from the official websites including but not limited to those of

The World Health Organization,

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States of America, &

The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy of the University of Minnesota

and from the forums of FluTrackers.com.

This issue is edited by Alex Sun, Dorothy Fang, Dora Zhang, Moyan Lu, and Fred Wong, under the supervision of Dr. Jason Chu and Conch Zhang.

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