https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002640298#articleHeader10
JavaScript来自一门健全的语言,所以你可能觉得JavaScript中的this和其他面向对象的语言如java的this一样,是指存储在实例属性中的值。事实并非如此,在JavaScript中,最好把this当成哈利波特中的博格特的背包,有着深不可测的魔力。
下面的部分是我希望我的同事在使用JavaScript的this的时候应当知道的。内容很多,是我学习好几年总结出来的。
JavaScript中很多时候会用到this,下面详细介绍每一种情况。在这里我想首先介绍一下宿主环境这个概念。一门语言在运行的时候,需要一个环境,叫做宿主环境。对于JavaScript,宿主环境最常见的是web浏览器,浏览器提供了一个JavaScript运行的环境,这个环境里面,需要提供一些接口,好让JavaScript引擎能够和宿主环境对接。JavaScript引擎才是真正执行JavaScript代码的地方,常见的引擎有V8(目前最快JavaScript引擎、Google生产)、JavaScript core。JavaScript引擎主要做了下面几件事情:
但是环境不是唯一的,也就是JavaScript不仅仅能够在浏览器里面跑,也能在其他提供了宿主环境的程序里面跑,最常见的就是nodejs。同样作为一个宿主环境,nodejs也有自己的JavaScript引擎–V8。根据官方的定义:
Node.js is a platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications
global this
> this
{ ArrayBuffer: [Function: ArrayBuffer],
Int8Array: { [Function: Int8Array] BYTES_PER_ELEMENT: 1 },
Uint8Array: { [Function: Uint8Array] BYTES_PER_ELEMENT: 1 },
...
> global === this
true
test.js脚本内容:
console.log(this);
console.log(this === global);
REPL运行脚本:
$ node test.js
{}
false
test.js:
var foo = "bar";
console.log(this.foo);
$ node test.js
undefined
> var foo = "bar";
> this.foo
bar
> global.foo
bar
test.js
foo = "bar";
console.log(this.foo);
console.log(global.foo);
$ node test.js
undefined
bar
上面的八种情况可能大家已经绕晕了,总结起来就是:在浏览器里面this是老大,它等价于window对象,如果你声明一些全局变量(不管在任何地方),这些变量都会作为this的属性。在node里面,有两种执行JavaScript代码的方式,一种是直接执行写好的JavaScript文件,另外一种是直接在里面执行一行行代码。对于直接运行一行行JavaScript代码的方式,global才是老大,this和它是等价的。在这种情况下,和浏览器比较相似,也就是声明一些全局变量会自动添加给老大global,顺带也会添加给this。但是在node里面直接脚本文件就不一样了,你声明的全局变量不会自动添加到this,但是会添加到global对象。所以相同点是,在全局范围内,全局变量终究是属于老大的。
function this
无论是在浏览器环境还是node环境, 除了在DOM事件处理程序里或者给出了thisArg(接下来会讲到)外,如果不是用new调用,在函数里面使用this都是指代全局范围的this。
{
this.foo = "foo";
}
console.log(this.foo); //logs "bar"
testThis();
console.log(this.foo); //logs "foo"
test.js
foo = "bar";
function testThis () {
this.foo = "foo";
}
console.log(global.foo);
testThis();
console.log(global.foo);
$ node test.js
bar
foo
1 script type="text/javascript">
foo = "bar";
function testThis() {
"use strict";
this.foo = "foo";
}
console.log(this.foo); //logs "bar"
testThis(); //Uncaught TypeError: Cannot set property 'foo' of undefined
script>
如果你在调用函数的时候在前面使用了new,this就会变成一个新的值,和global的this脱离干系。
new testThis();
console.log(this.foo); //logs "bar"
console.log(new testThis().foo); //logs "foo"
我更喜欢把新的值称作一个实例。
函数里面的this其实相对比较好理解,如果我们在一个函数里面使用this,需要注意的就是我们调用函数的方式,如果是正常的方式调用函数,this指代全局的this,如果我们加一个new,这个函数就变成了一个构造函数,我们就创建了一个实例,this指代这个实例,这个和其他面向对象的语言很像。另外,写JavaScript很常做的一件事就是绑定事件处理程序,也就是诸如button.addEventListener(‘click’, fn, false)之类的,如果在fn里面需要使用this,this指代事件处理程序对应的对象,也就是button。
prototype this
function Thing() {
console.log(this.foo);
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
var thing = new Thing(); //logs "bar"
console.log(thing.foo); //logs "bar"
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
Thing.prototype.setFoo = function (newFoo) {
this.foo = newFoo;
}
var thing1 = new Thing();
var thing2 = new Thing();
thing1.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
thing2.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
thing1.setFoo("foo");
thing1.logFoo(); //logs "foo";
thing2.logFoo(); //logs "bar";
thing2
.foo = "foobar";
thing1.logFoo(); //logs "foo";
thing2.logFoo(); //logs "foobar";
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
Thing.prototype.setFoo = function (newFoo) {
this.foo = newFoo;
}
Thing.prototype.deleteFoo = function () {
delete this.foo;
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.setFoo("foo");
thing.logFoo(); //logs "foo";
thing.deleteFoo();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar";
thing.foo = "foobar";
thing.logFoo(); //logs "foobar";
delete thing.foo;
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar";
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo
, Thing.prototype.foo);
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.foo = "foo";
thing.logFoo(); //logs "foo bar";
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.things = [];
var thing1 = new Thing();
var thing2 = new Thing();
thing1.things.push("foo");
console.log(thing2.things); //logs ["foo"]
function Thing() {
this.things = [];
}
var thing1 = new Thing();
var thing2 = new Thing();
thing1.things.push("foo");
console.log(thing1.things); //logs ["foo"]
console.log(thing2.things); //logs []
function Thing1() {
}
Thing1.prototype.foo = "bar";
function Thing2() {
}
Thing2.prototype = new Thing1();
var thing = new Thing2();
console
.log(thing.foo); //logs "bar"
function Thing1() {
}
Thing1.prototype.foo = "bar";
function Thing2() {
this.foo = "foo";
}
Thing2.prototype = new Thing1();
function Thing3() {
}
Thing3.prototype = new Thing2();
var thing = new Thing3();
console.log(thing.foo); //logs "foo"
function Thing1() {
}
Thing1.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing1.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
function Thing2() {
this.foo = "foo";
}
Thing2.prototype = new Thing1();
var thing = new Thing2();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "foo";
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.
prototype.logFoo = function () {
var info = "attempting to log this.foo:";
function doIt() {
console.log(info, this.foo);
}
doIt();
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "attempting to log this.foo: undefined"
* 在doIt里面的this是global对象或者在严格模式下面是undefined。这是造成很多不熟悉JavaScript的人深陷 this陷阱的根源。在这种情况下事情变得非常糟糕,就像你把一个实例的方法当作一个值,把这个值当作函数参数传递给另外一个函数但是却不把这个实例传递给这个函数一样。在这种情况下,一个方法里面的环境变成了全局范围,或者在严格模式下面的undefined。
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
function doIt(method) {
method();
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
doIt(thing.logFoo); //logs undefined
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
var self = this;
var info = "attempting to log this.foo:";
function doIt() {
console.log(info, self.foo);
}
doIt();
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "attempting to log this.foo: bar"
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
var self = this;
function doIt() {
console.log(self.foo);
}
doIt();
}
function doItIndirectly(method) {
method();
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
doItIndirectly(thing.logFoo); //logs undefined
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
function doIt(method) {
method();
}
var thing = new Thing();
doIt(thing.logFoo.bind(thing)); //logs bar
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
function doIt() {
console.log(this.foo);
}
doIt.apply(this);
}
function doItIndirectly(method) {
method();
}
var thing = new Thing();
doItIndirectly(thing.logFoo.bind(thing)); //logs bar
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
function logFoo(aStr) {
console.log(aStr, this.foo);
}
var thing = new Thing();
logFoo.bind(thing)("using bind"); //logs "using bind bar"
logFoo.apply(thing, ["using apply"]); //logs "using apply bar"
logFoo.call(thing, "using call"); //logs "using call bar"
logFoo("using nothing"); //logs "using nothing undefined"
function Thing() {
return {};
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //Uncaught TypeError: undefined is not a function
奇怪的是,如果你在构造函数里面返回了一个原始值,上面所述的情况并不会发生并且返回语句被忽略了。最好不要在你将通过new调用的构造函数里面返回任何类型的数据,即便你知道自己正在做什么。如果你想创建一个工厂模式,通过一个函数来创建一个实例,这个时候不要使用new来调用函数。当然这个建议是可选的。
function Thing() {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
var thing = Object.create(Thing.prototype);
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
function Thing() {
this.foo = "foo";
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
var thing = Object.create(Thing.prototype);
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
function Thing1() {
this.foo = "foo";
}
Thing1.prototype.foo = "bar";
function Thing2() {
this.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
Thing1.apply(this);
this.logFoo(); //logs "foo"
}
Thing2.prototype = Object.create(Thing1.prototype);
Thing2.prototype.logFoo = function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
var thing = new Thing2();
object this
var obj = {
foo: "bar",
logFoo: function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
};
obj.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
var obj = {
foo: "bar"
};
function logFoo() {
console.log(this.foo);
}
logFoo.apply(obj); //logs "bar"
var obj = {
foo: "bar",
deeper
: {
logFoo: function () {
console.log(this.foo);
}
}
};
10 obj.deeper.logFoo(); //logs undefined
var obj = {
foo: "bar",
deeper: {
logFoo: function () {
console.log(obj.foo);
}
}
};
obj.deeper.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
DOM event this
function Listener() {
document.getElementById("foo").addEventListener("click",
this.handleClick);
}
Listener.prototype.handleClick = function (event) {
console.log(this); //logs "
"
}
var listener = new Listener();
document.getElementById("foo").click();
function Listener() {
document.getElementById("foo").addEventListener("click",
this.handleClick.bind(this));
}
Listener.prototype.handleClick = function (event) {
console.log(this); //logs Listener {handleClick: function}
}
var listener = new Listener();
document.getElementById("foo").click();
HTML this
id="foo" onclick="console.log(this);">
override this
function test () {
var this = {}; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token this
}
eval this
function Thing () {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
eval("console.log(this.foo)"); //logs "bar"
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo();
这会造成一个安全问题,除非不用eval,没有其他方式来避免这个问题。
function Thing () {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing
.prototype.logFoo = new Function("console.log(this.foo);");
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); //logs "bar"
with this
function Thing () {
}
Thing.prototype.foo = "bar";
Thing.prototype.logFoo = function () {
with (this) {
console.log(foo);
foo = "foo";
}
}
var thing = new Thing();
thing.logFoo(); // logs "bar"
console.log(thing.foo); // logs "foo"
许多人认为这样使用是不好的因为with本身就饱受争议。
jQuery this
和HTML DOM元素节点的事件处理程序一样,在许多情况下JQuery的this都指向HTML元素节点。这在事件处理程序和一些方便的方法中都是管用的,比如$.each
class="foo bar1">
class="foo bar2">
thisArg this
如果你用过underscore.js 或者 lo-dash 你可能知道许多类库的方法可以通过一个叫做thisArg 的函数参数来传递实例,这个函数参数会作为this的上下文。举个例子,这适用于_.each。原生的JavaScript在ECMAScript 5的时候也允许函数传递一个thisArg参数了,比如forEach。事实上,之前阐述的bind,apply和call的使用已经给你创造了传递thisArg参数给函数的机会。这个参数将this绑定为你所传递的对象。
function Thing(type) {
this.type = type;
}
Thing.prototype.log = function (thing) {
console.log(this.type, thing);
}
Thing.prototype.logThings = function (arr) {
arr.forEach(this.log, this); // logs "fruit apples..."
_.each(arr, this.log, this); //logs "fruit apples..."
}
var thing = new Thing("fruit");
thing.logThings(["apples", "oranges", "strawberries", "bananas"]);
这使得代码变得更加简介,因为避免了一大堆bind语句、函数嵌套和this暂存的使用。