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解析作者 | 唧唧堂管理学研究小组：
Morgan_Dory
1. 酒店业和旅游业中情绪劳动的前因后果：一项元分析
本文运用已发表期刊论文的57个相关矩阵，通过元分析研究了情绪劳动的理论框架及其在酒店和旅游文献中的前因后果。本研究采用心理计量元分析方法和元结构方程模型(meta-SEM)方法，发现情绪劳动与人格、情绪智力、顾客导向、社会支持和表现规则(display rules)等因素相关，与态度、行为和顾客相关结果相关。此外，压力调节了情绪劳动及其结果之间的关系。本文是第一次对情绪劳动与酒店和旅游管理前因后果之间关系的元分析。
This paper meta-analytically investigates a theoretical framework of emotional labour and its antecedents and outcomes in the hospitality and tourism literature with 57 correlation matrices from published journal papers. Adopting the psychometric meta-analytical methods and meta-structural equation modelling (meta-SEM) methods, the study finds that emotional labour is related to antecedents including personality, emotional intelligence, customer orientation, social support and display rules, as well as related to attitudinal, behavioural, and customer-related outcomes. In addition, strain mediates the relations between emotional labour and its outcomes. This paper is the first meta-analysis on the relations between emotional labour and the antecedents and outcomes in hospitality and tourism management.
参考文献：Xu, S. T., Cao, Z. C., & Huo, Y. (2020). Antecedents and outcomes of emotional labour in hospitality and tourism: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104099. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104099
2. 旅游目的地地下水质量管理的空间方法
水资源和旅游业需要综合考虑，以便为城市规划者和旅游业管理者提供促进水安全和水公平的工具。本文的目的是应用一种能够识别水-旅游交界问题的指数，基于GIS中的空间方法，旨在支持旅游目的地的地下水的质量管理。该指数应用于巴西东北部的一个旅游目的地，该目的地利用地下水来维持其旅游基础设施。分析的地理现象显示出水资源利用与旅游业之间的空间格局，以及地下水水文化学的可能的影响。我们建议，使用与GIS相关的建议指数，可以作为考虑旅游、城市管理和水安全之间相互作用的战略规划努力的一部分，从而确保加强旅游目的地经济的必要基础设施。
Water resources and tourism need to be thought of in an integrated way, in order to provide urban planners and tourism managers with tools to promote water security and water equity. The objective of this paper was to apply an index capable of identify problems at the water-tourism interface, based on a spatial approach in GIS, meant to support the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations. This index was applied to a tourist destination in northeastern Brazil, which uses groundwater to maintain its tourism infrastructure. The geographic phenomenon analyzed showed a spatial pattern between water use and tourism, with probable influences in hydrochemistry of groundwater. We suggest that the use of the propose index associated to GIS may be part of strategic planning efforts contemplating the interaction between tourism, urban management and water security, thus guaranteeing the infrastructure essential to strengthening the economy of a tourist destination.
参考文献：Silva, K. B., & Mattos, J. B. (2020). A spatial approach for the management of groundwater quality in tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 79, 104079. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104079
3. 小型旅行社是否做好了数字化营销的准备？旅行社经理的视角
数字技术为旅游服务的消费者和供应商提供了新的沟通和分销渠道。通过互联网，旅行社可以通过数字营销来吸引游客、提供信息和服务。然而，在发展中国家，互联网和数字营销的采用是缓慢的。因此，本研究发现有必要探讨旅行社数字营销的触发因素和感知的挑战，旅行社的观点在已出版的学术文献中没有太多的位置。本文采用定性研究，揭示了旅行社所使用的受欢迎并可信的数字平台。本文还提出了阻碍或协助旅游服务经理使用数字营销的因素。
Digital technology provides new communication and distribution channel for both consumers and suppliers of travel services. Internet enables the travel agencies to adopt digital marketing to attract, inform and serve the travellers. However, in developing countries, the adoption of internet and digital marketing is slow. This study therefore finds it imperative to explore the triggering factors and perceived challenges of digital marketing by travel agencies - an entity whose perspectives do not find much place in the published academic literature. The qualitative study reveals the popular and trusted digital platforms used by the travel agencies. It also presents the factors that inhibit or assist the use of digital marketing by travel service managers.
参考文献：Sharma, A., Sharma, S., & Chaudhary, M. (2020). Are small travel agencies ready for digital marketing? Views of travel agency managers. Tourism Management, 79, 104078. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104078
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4. 自然灾害对国际旅游业的影响：全球分析
旅游业受到多种因素和力量的影响，包括与旅游业没有直接联系的外生因素。自然灾害和意外事件是这类决定因素的主要例子，由于它们会对个人和社会产生深远影响，因此有可能大大影响旅游流量。为什么自然灾害和意外事件会影响旅游目的地的选择，存在着几种理论争论。然而，关于灾害对旅游业影响的性质和程度的实证研究还很缺乏。为了填补这一研究缺口，本文将自然灾害和人为灾害事件的数据集纳入国际旅游流量模型，以评估不同类型的灾害在国家层面上对国际入境人数的影响。研究结果表明，不同类型事件的发生在不同程度上改变了客流。虽然在某些情况下估计出了积极影响，但一般来说，灾害事件的影响是消极的，会导致事件后的游客人数减少。了解灾难事件与旅游业之间的关系，有助于目的地管理者在恢复、重建和市场营销方面做出关键决策。
Tourism is shaped by a wide range of factors and forces, including exogenous ones that have no direct link with the tourism sector. Natural disasters and unexpected events are prime examples of such determining factors, as they have profound effects on individuals and society, and as a result have the potential to affect tourism flows considerably. Several theoretical arguments exist why natural disasters and unexpected events could influence tourist destination choices. However, empirical research to confirm the nature and extent of impacts of disasters on tourism is lacking. To address this gap, this paper incorporates a dataset on natural and man-made disaster events into a model of international tourism flows to evaluate the effect of different types of disasters on international arrivals at the national level. Findings provide evidence that the occurrence of different types of event change tourist flows to varying degrees. Although in some cases a positive effect is estimated, in general the impacts are negative, resulting in reduced tourist arrivals following an event. Understanding the relationship between disaster events and tourism is helpful for destination managers who make critical decisions in relation to recovery, reconstruction and marketing.
参考文献：Rosselló, J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104080. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080
5. 在景点、事件和旅行情境中体验文化
本研究开发了一套测量量表，关于在香港的不同情境下的文化体验，包括景点、活动及旅行。通过结构方程模型确定了体验的四个维度(认知、联想、情感和新颖性)。该量表用于比较游客因素和情境因素对体验和后续行为意图的影响。我们发现，体验的联想维度在游客的体验得分中最高，而情感体验在区分不同的体验情境和游客群体时更为显著。最强烈的体验来自于事件情境，其次是旅行，最后是永久的景点。当不同的地点被访问者结合起来，提供一个“目的地旅行”时，这种体验也会增强。
This paper develops a measurement scale for cultural experiences across different contexts, including attractions, events and tours, in Hong Kong. Four dimensions of experience (cognitive, conative, affective and novelty) are identified through structural equation modelling. The scale is applied to compare visitor- and context-related influences on the experience and on subsequent behavioural intentions. We find that the conative dimension of experience elicits the highest experience scores from visitors, but affective experiences are more significant in distinguishing between different experience contexts and visitor groups. The strongest experiences were attributed to event contexts, followed by tours, and finally permanent attractions. The experience is also enhanced when various sites are combined by visitors to provide a ‘destination journey’.
参考文献：Richards, G., King, B., & Yeung, E. (2020). Experiencing culture in attractions, events and tour settings. Tourism Management, 79, 104104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104104
6. 小型旅游企业人力资源开发的多维度：以爱尔兰共和国为例
本案例研究探讨了爱尔兰共和国小型旅游公司(STFs, small tourism firms)人力资源开发(HRD, human resource development)的多个维度。在演化资源基础观(ERBV, evolutionary resource-based view)和制度逻辑的支持下，本研究调查了所有者-经理/高级经理和员工对内部和外部STF情境的感知，以及这些情境的偶发事件如何塑造他们对人力资源开发的多个维度的感知和体验。我们的研究强调了(a)外部制度逻辑与内部环境因素之间的动态互动，所有者-经理在形成人力资源开发维度方面扮演着关键代理人的角色;(b) STF内的行动者能够协调可能相互冲突的体制逻辑，以创造一种动态的人力资源开发办法;(c) STFs以协调的方式实施人力资源开发，充满正式和非正式的元素;(d)所有者-经理和员工对人力资源开发维度的认知存在显著差异。我们讨论这些发现对研究和实践的意义。
This case study explores multiple dimensions of human resource development (HRD) in small tourism firms (STFs) within the Republic of Ireland. Underpinned by the evolutionary resource-based view (ERBV) and institutional logics, this study investigates owner-manager/senior manager and employee perceptions of the internal and external STF context and how such contextual contingencies shape their perceptions and experiences of multiple dimensions of HRD. Our study highlights (a) a dynamic interaction between external institutional logics and internal contextual factors, with the owner–manager acting as a key agent in shaping HRD dimensions; (b) actors within STFs are able to reconcile potentially conflicting institutional logics to create a dynamic HRD approach; (c) STFs implement HRD in a coordinated manner, imbued with elements of formality and informality, and (d) significant differences exist between owner-manager and employee perceptions of HRD dimensions. We discuss the implications of the findings for both research and practice.
参考文献：Nolan, C. T., Garavan, T. N., & Lynch, P. (2020). Multidimensionality of HRD in small tourism firms: A case study of the Republic of Ireland. Tourism Management, 79, 104029. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104029
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7. 从测量量表到情绪量表：考察感官体验对在线评论评分行为的影响
感官维度在顾客体验中的关键作用已经得到文献的支持。然而，传统的自我报告的感觉测量在捕捉个体感受到的多维体验和阐明不同感觉维度对实际行为的不同影响方面能力有限。这项研究是第一次尝试测试正面和负面体验对顾客评价的影响，包括所有五种感官(视觉、嗅觉、声音、味觉和触觉)。社交媒体评论中报告的感官体验被捕捉，并使用文本挖掘和情绪分析进行探索。研究结果显示，虽然大多数顾客的体验是正面的，但负面的感官体验对顾客评等有较高的影响。此外，五种感官在形成整体体验方面的权重不同，这为感官、前景理论以及满足与不满足因素的论述等文献提供了理论贡献。
The crucial role of sensory dimensions in customer experiences has been supported in literature. However, traditional self-reported sensory measurements have limited capacity in capturing the multi-dimensional experiences sensed by individuals and articulating the distinct effect of different sensory dimensions on actual behavior. This study is the first attempt to test the effects of positive and negative experiences involving all five senses (sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch) on customer ratings. The sensory experiences reported in social media reviews were captured and explored using text mining and sentiment analysis. The findings show that although the majority of customers’ experiences were positive, the negative sensory experiences had higher effect on customer rating. Furthermore, the five senses had different weights in forming overall experience, which provides theoretical contributions to the literature on sensescapes, prospect theory, and discourses on satisfiers and dissatisfiers.
参考文献：Mehraliyev, F., Kirilenko, A. P., & Choi, Y. (2020). From measurement scale to sentiment scale: Examining the effect of sensory experiences on online review rating behavior. Tourism Management, 79, 104096. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104096
8. 恒星与柠檬。点对点市场的生存分析：以Airbnb为例
本文分析了点对点市场上产品生存的决定因素。在对Ibiza的Airbnb列表数据集进行研究时，我们应用了生存分析去估计产品的关键属性和离开该平台的可能性之间的关系。此外，我们强调用户生成内容的重要性，减少信息的不对称，防止逆向选择。结果证实，产品的特点、位置、当地竞争程度和主持人的管理技能，对生存机会有显著影响。此外，我们发现低质量的产品(以客户评级为标志)是有意消失的:评论系统成功地表明了这个市场的质量，并推动了市场选择过程。
This paper analyses the determinants of listings' survival on peer-to-peer marketplaces. Working on a dataset of Airbnb listings in Ibiza, we implement survival analysis to estimate the relationship between listings' key attributes and the probability to leave the platform. In addition, we highlight the importance of user-generated content to reduce the asymmetry of information and prevent adverse selection. Results confirm that listings' characteristics, location, degree of local competition and hosts' managerial skills, significantly affect the survival chance. Moreover, we found that low quality listings (proxied by the customer rating) are intended to disappear: the reviewing system successfully signals the quality on this market and drive the market selection process.
参考文献：Leoni, V. (2020). Stars vs lemons. Survival analysis of peer-to peer marketplaces: the case of Airbnb. Tourism Management, 79, 104091. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104091
9. 价格信息准确性对旅游出行选择的影响
159.99美元、159.38美元还是160美元？市场上普遍存在着以四舍五入的价格来定价的现象，这显然是很严谨的。在一般领域已经进行了许多研究，并已确定使用精确的价格，即那些没有零结尾的价格，往往会导致销售的增加和更积极的顾客态度。到目前为止，最好的解释是，大多数人从左到右阅读，所以价格的最后几个数字可能不如前几个突出。对于此现象，为了努力建立一个更好的理解，本研究包含了在旅游情境中的五个实验，首先说明这种现象，并提出可能的替代解释，然后提供实证证据表明不同表示的价格意味着不同的解释水平，从而影响旅游营销中消费者的选择偏好。
$159.99, 159.38 or $160.00? The phenomenon of pricing around a rounded number, with apparent preciseness, is commonly observed in the marketplace. Much research has been conducted in the general area, and has established that the use of precise prices, those without a zero-ending, tends to lead to increased sales and to a more positive customer attitude. To date, the best explanation offered is that most people read from left to right, so the last numbers of a price may be less salient than the leading numbers. In an endeavor to establish a better understanding of the phenomenon, this research consists of five experiments in a tourism context to first clarify the phenomenon and account for possible alternative explanations, and then to provide empirical evidence that different representations of price can imply different construal levels, and thus influence consumers' choice preference in tourism marketing.
参考文献：Kim, J., Cui, Y., Choi, C., Lee, S. J., & Marshall, R. (2020). The influence of preciseness of price information on the travel option choice. Tourism Management, 79, 104012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104012
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10. 通过小型企业业主经理适应能力的发展，释放老年旅游的利基潜力
本文探讨了小型旅游经营者（owner-managers, OMs）的适应能力发展在追求演进中的老年旅游市场的利基潜力时的作用。在概述研究背景和采用的访谈法来引出OM的观点之前，我们讨论了旅游小型企业环境中的战略适应能力发展。研究结果显示，有限的人力资源阻碍了小型旅游企业的适应能力参与水平，而运营层面的能力是适应能力的前提。这些适应能力，包括市场感知能力和老年旅游联合活动，是Oms所开发出来的一种手段，以区别其各自的公司与行业竞争对手，以追求利基市场潜力。在揭示本研究的实践和理论意义之前，我们根据研究结果提出了一个老年旅游适应能力框架。
This paper explores the role of adaptive capability development among micro-tourism owner-managers (OMs) in pursuit of the niche potential of the evolving senior tourism market. We discuss strategic adaptive capability development in a tourism micro-firm environment, prior to outlining the research context and adopted interview method used to elicit OM views. Findings indicate that limited human resources impede the level of adaptive capability engagement in micro-tourism firms, whereby operational level capabilities act as an antecedent to adaptive capabilities. Such adaptive capabilities, including market sensing capabilities and senior tourism alignment activities, are developed by OMs as a means of differentiating their respective firms from sectoral rivals in pursuit of niche market potential. Extracted from the findings, we present a Senior Tourism Adaptive Capability Framework prior to disclosing the study's practical and theoretical implications.
参考文献：Kelly, N., Kelliher, F., Power, J., & Lynch, P. (2020). Unlocking the niche potential of senior tourism through micro-firm owner-manager adaptive capability development. Tourism Management, 79, 104081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104081
11. 将在线目的地品牌体验和品牌可信度与游客对目的地的行为意图联系起来
尽管品牌体验和在线品牌可信度等概念在目的地营销策略中至关重要，但之前没有研究分析它们与游客行为意图的关系和影响。本文利用投影技术、在线实验和五个官方目的地平台(网站、Facebook、Instagram、Twitter和YouTube)的多组分析，开发了一种多元方法。结果证实，在线目的地品牌体验(BE, brand experience)、感知在线目的地品牌可信度(PODBC, perceived online destination brand credibility)和用户对目的地的行为意向(访问/推荐意向)之间存在正向的直接和间接关系。多组分析显示，那些没有访问过目的地的用户比那些亲自访问过目的地的用户更重视在线目的地BE，从而形成了他们的行为意图。相反，访问过目的地的用户在PODBC和行为意图之间表现出更高的强度。
Even though concepts such as brand experience and online brand credibility are critical in destination marketing strategies, there have been no previous studies that have analyzed their relationships and influence on tourists' behavioral intentions. This paper develops a multimethod approach using a projective technique, an online experiment, and a multigroup analysis with five official destination platforms (the website, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube). The results confirm positive direct and indirect relationships among online destination brand experience (BE), perceived online destination brand credibility (PODBC), and users’ behavioral intentions toward the destination (intentions to visit/recommend). The multigroup analysis that was conducted revealed that users who had not visited the destination shaped their behavioral intentions by assigning a greater importance to the online destination BE than did those who had physically visited the destination. Conversely, users who had visited the destination showed a higher intensity in the path between PODBC and behavioral intentions.
参考文献：Jiménez-Barreto, J., Rubio, N., Campo, S., & Molinillo, S. (2020). Linking the online destination brand experience and brand credibility with tourists’ behavioral intentions toward a destination. Tourism Management, 79, 104101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104101
12. 美国酒店的管理费用和酒店业绩
管理公司负责酒店的日常运营，因此对酒店的财务业绩有很大的影响。采用O’Neill, Hanson, and Matilla (2008)和Hua, Morosan, and DeFranco (2015)的模型，本文建立了一组实证模型，控制了潜在的混杂因素（包括连锁规模和位置），同店1471家酒店从2011年到2017年的数据，被用来测试管理费总额及其子集中基本管理费和酒店客房收入与营业利润总额的激励管理费的影响。这是第一个实证验证管理合同对于业主和管理公司的价值，包括基础管理费用和激励管理费对酒店客房收入和营业毛利的积极显著影响。
A management company takes care of the day-to-day operations of a hotel and thus has a great amount of influence on the hotel's financial performance. Adopting models from O’Neill, Hanson, and Matilla (2008) and Hua, Morosan, and DeFranco (2015), a set of empirical models, with same-store data from 1471 hotels from 2011 through 2017, was used to test the impact of the total management fee and its subset of the base management fee and the incentive management fee on the hotels' rooms revenue and gross operating profit while controlling for potential confounding factors including chain scale and location. This is the first paper to empirically validate the value of a management contract for both the owners and the management company, including the positive and significant effects that base management and incentive management fees have on hotels’ room revenue and gross operating profit.
参考文献：Hua, N., DeFranco, A., & Abbott, J. (2020). Management fees and hotel performance in the U.S. Tourism Management, 79, 104093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104093
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13. 住宿房地产投资信托基金（Lodging REITs）和第三方经营者：更多的经营者会提升REITs的绩效吗？
住宿房地产投资信托基金必须聘请非附属的第三方经营者来管理其资产。值得注意的是，有些房地产投资信托基金只使用一个经营者，而另一些则雇佣许多不同的经营者。然而，住宿房地产投资信托基金为何选择雇佣一个或多个经营者，目前还没有得到证实。因此，本研究的目的是考察雇佣更多的经营者（即经营者多元化）是否会影响住宿房地产投资信托基金的业绩。研究结果表明，第三方经营者多元化与企业绩效呈曲线关系。此外，经营者多元化与地域多元化搭配时，二者的曲线关系会减弱，但这种关系不会因细分或品牌多元化而改变。这一研究表明，不仅要了解适当的经营者数量，而且要了解如何结合多样化战略，以确保住宿房地产投资信托基金的成功。
Lodging REITs are required to hire unaffiliated third-party operators to manage their properties. It has been noted that some lodging REITs use only one operator, whereas others hire a number of different operations. However, why lodging REITs choose to hire one or more operators has not been verified yet. Accordingly, this study intended to examine whether hiring more operators (i.e., operator diversification) affects the performance of lodging REITs. The results of this study showed that diversifying third-party operators has a curvilinear relationship with firm performance. Furthermore, the curvilinear relationship can weaken when operator diversification is paired with geographic diversification, but the relationship does not change depending on segment or brand diversification. This study implies that it is critical to understand not only the appropriate number of operators but also how to combine diversification strategies to ensure the success of lodging REITs.
参考文献：Gim, J., & Jang, S. (2020). Lodging REITs and third-party operators: Do more operators enhance the performance of REITs? Tourism Management, 79, 104092. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104092
14. 数字自由旅游——旅游动机的探索性研究
技术过度使用的问题，以及相关的心理健康和成瘾问题——已经蔓延到了旅游领域。最近的文献也表明，在旅行中大量使用科技可能会对整体旅游体验产生潜在的负面影响；游客可能会在旅行中寻找“脱离”。因此，本研究聚焦于最近出现且鲜为人知的“数字自由旅游”(DFT, digital free tourism)现象，探讨参与者在旅行中自愿放弃或限制使用技术的动机。研究结果通过确定四个激发游客参与DFT的主要因素：逃避、个人成长、健康和幸福、人际关系，来支持相关理论，并强调了这些激励因素背后的几个探索性的子主题。考虑到DFT不是一种不便，而是一种旅游选择，本研究最终可以帮助从业者更好地将DFT作为一种旅游产品进行推广；最大化参与者的相关利益和积极体验。
The problem of technology overuse - and related mental health and addiction issues – has spilled over into the tourism context. Recent literature has also suggested that heavy use of technology while travelling could potentially have negative impacts on the overall tourist experience; and that tourists might search for “disconnection” while travelling. As a result, this study focuses on the recently emerged and scarcely understood phenomenon of “digital free tourism” (DFT), exploring participants' motivations for voluntarily abstaining from, or limiting their use of, technology on their travels. The findings aid relevant theory by identifying four main factors that motivate tourists to participate in DFT – escape, personal growth, health and well-being, relationships – and highlight several exploratory subthemes underlying these motivators. Considering DFT not as an inconvenience but a travel choice, this study can finally aid practitioners to better promote DFT as a tourism product; maximizing the participants’ related benefits and positive experiences.
参考文献：Egger, I., Lei, S. I., & Wassler, P. (2020). Digital free tourism – An exploratory study of tourist motivations. Tourism Management, 79, 104098. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104098
15. 在缺乏主要吸引物的情况下——从北极熊观察旅游参与者的角度
野生动物观赏旅游最近在旅游文献中得到了更多的关注。然而，关于旅游参与者将野生动物不可预测的这种性质作为主要吸引力的看法的研究仍然是有必要的。有关这一主题的信息可能有助于旅游提供者在没有野生动物的情况下使旅游参与者感到满意，并远离那种用来保证近距离接触的过度的行为。以北极熊旅游为例，通过对TripAdvisor上关于加拿大Churchill和挪威Svalbard的评论进行内容分析，被用以检验旅游参与者对于不可预测的野生动物的评论以及他们没有见到北极熊时的反应。研究结果显示，为了让参与者感到满意，野生动物观赏旅游提供者应该注重体验中更可控的部分，如高质量的引导不负众望的管理，以及次要的更有保障的附加活动。他们还应该充分利用自然环境、该地区的其他野生动物，以及遇到重点物种的迹象来使游客感到满意。
Wildlife watching tourism has recently received more attention in the tourism literature. However, research is still needed on participants' perceptions on the unpredictable nature of wild animals as main attractions. Information on this topic may help providers keep participants satisfied in the absence of wildlife and move away from exploitative practices sometimes used to guarantee close encounters. Using polar bear tourism as a case study, content analysis of TripAdvisor reviews from Churchill (Canada) and Svalbard (Norway) was used to examine participants’ comments on unpredictable wildlife and reactions when polar bears were not found. Findings indicate that to keep participants satisfied, wildlife watching tourism providers should focus on more controllable parts of the experience, such as high-quality guiding, expectations management, and secondary, more guaranteed side activities. They should also make the most of the natural surroundings, other wildlife in the area and signs of the focal species when encountered.
参考文献：Dybsand, H. N. H. (2020). In the absence of a main attraction – Perspectives from polar bear watching tourism participants. Tourism Management, 79, 104097. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104097
picture from Internet
16. 调查整体情况：比较Airbnb供应和酒店供应对全美酒店绩效的影响
本研究调查并比较了Airbnb和酒店供应在多大程度上影响了美国的主要酒店绩效指标。结果显示，尽管Airbnb和酒店供应都对酒店收入产生了负面影响（即每间可用客房收入），酒店供应对每间可用客房收入的影响要比Airbnb大得多。Airbnb对酒店房价的负面影响（即ADR），但它不会影响入住率（即OCC）。然而，增加酒店供应对OCC有负面影响，而对ADR没有影响。国家层面的分析结果进一步表明，Airbnb和酒店供应对每间可用客房收入、平均房价和OCC的负面影响只存在于酒店供应较高的州。通过分析Airbnb和酒店供应对酒店绩效的共同影响，在地理上和空间上都有意义，本研究为住宿行业的经济动态提供了更全面和细致的理解。
