“One country” is the premise and basis of the “One country, Two systems” policy. Upholding “One country” has always been China’s overriding consideration in implementing the “One country, Two systems” policy in Hong Kong. It is with this in mind that we have made special arrangements for the application of treaties or international agreements in the HKSAR.
(1) The conclusion and application of international agreements or treaties that involve exclusive powers of a sovereign State, such as foreign affairs and defense, shall be decided by the Central Government.
The Chinese Government had made it very clear well before Hong Kong’s return to China that in the case of treaties relating to foreign affairs or defense to which China is a party and/or other treaties which must apply to the entire territory of a contracting State, they shall also apply to the HKSAR as from 1 July 1997. In the case of treaties of the above categories to which China is not a party, they shall not be applicable to Hong Kong upon China’s resumption of exercise of sovereignty, whether or not they had been applied to Hong Kong before its return to China.
(2) The HKSAR may conclude treaties or international agreements only in fields or on matters explicitly authorized by the Central Government under the Basic Law.
This could be seen from three aspects.
First, the HKSAR shall not on its own participate in any treaty that is limited to sovereign States only. International treaties to which the HKSAR may become a party using the name “Hong Kong, China” are those not limited to sovereign States. For most of other international treaties, it is the Central Government that negotiates and concludes and then extends their application to the HKSAR.
Secondly, the HKSAR’s power to conclude agreements or treaties with foreign States is granted and authorized by the Central Government under the Basic law. Such power is not an inherent power. The HKSAR has as much power as the Central Government grants.
Thirdly, bilateral agreements that the HKSAR may conclude with foreign States on its own are limited to the fields that fall within the HKSAR’s autonomy under the Basic Law, i.e. the economic, trade, financial and monetary, shipping, communications, tourism, cultural and sports fields. The HKSAR may also conclude bilateral agreements on legal cooperation and visa exemption under the authorization of the Central Government on a case-by-case basis.
(3) The Central Government ensures the implementation of the “one country” principle through the establishment of authorization and notification procedures on matters relating to Hong Kong’s conclusion and application of international agreements.
In areas of mutual legal assistance, visa exemption, investment protection and others where, according to the Basic Law, the HKSAR needs prior authorization of the Central Government to conclude agreements with any foreign State.