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极简现代 | 办公+酒店式公寓：倾斜的外立面效果

搜建筑 · 公众号 · · 2024-07-08 13:32

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正规城市规划--法国布列塔尼首府雷恩启动了多个大型城市发展项目，其中最引人注目的是通过 ZAC（Zone d'aménagement concerté）欧洲雷恩火车站改造整个火车站区域，包括全新建设主火车站。雷恩与 350 公里外的巴黎 TGV 高速铁路网相连，列车每小时一班，全程仅需 100 分钟。因此，火车站区域的价值大幅提升，真正推动了该市的城市发展。

法国国营铁路公司（SNCF）腾出了铁轨沿线的大片土地，并逐步出售给出价最高的项目开发商。该市成立了一个半公共城市开发公司，将土地分配与竞赛挂钩，建筑师团队的设计在竞赛中起着决定性作用。这是确保城市和建筑质量的一种尝试。由菲利普-加佐（Philippe Gazeau）和路易-帕亚尔（Louis Paillard）组成的 FGP 团队与 Agence Ter 合作，被选为整个区域的总体规划设计师。

总体规划假定，单个建筑相邻而立，体量松散，类似于城市别墅和较小的高层建筑，因此，尽管城市密度很高，但仍能营造出开放的城市印象。这些建筑形成了经典的街道和广场。此外，总体规划要求所有建筑的立面在平面和剖面上都要倾斜，包括设计成 "岩石 "状悬挑的立面，以营造有机的雕塑效果。受客户 Legendre Immobilier 的邀请，Atelier Kempe Thill 与雷恩建筑事务所 Atelier56S 一起参加了火车月台正对面博蒙特建筑工地的设计竞赛。

Formal Urban Planning - Rennes, France, the capital of Brittany, has initiated several large urban development projects, the most spectacular of which is the reorganization of the entire train station area with the ZAC (Zone d’aménagement concerté) EuroRennes, including the completely new construction of the main train station. This development is the logical consequence of the connection of Rennes to the TGV high-speed railway network to Paris, 350 kilometers away, with a journey time of just 100 minutes and trains running every hour. The station area has therefore increased significantly in value and given a real boost to the city’s urban development. The French railway company SNCF has freed up a wide swathe of land along the tracks and is gradually selling it to the highest-bidding project developers. The city has founded a semipublic urban development company that links the allocation of land to competitions in which the design of the team of architects plays a decisive role. This is an attempt to ensure urban and architectural quality. The FGP team of Philippe Gazeau and Louis Paillard, in collaboration with Agence Ter, was chosen as the master planner of the entire area. The master plan assumes that individual buildings stand next to each other as loose volumes similar to urban villas and smaller high-rise buildings, thereby creating an open city impression despite high urban density. The buildings form classic streets and squares. In addition, the master plan requires all buildings to have façades that slope in both plan and section, including façades that are designed to overhang in a “rock-like” manner to create an organic and sculptural effect. Atelier Kempe Thill, together with the Rennes-based architectural firm Atelier56S, were invited by the client Legendre Immobilier to the competition for the Beaumont construction site directly opposite the train platforms.

混合方案-博蒙特项目的方案包括总建筑面积约 31,000 平方米，其中公寓和办公楼各占一半。这些区域将由一栋高层住宅和两栋中层办公楼组成，所有建筑在底层相连。住宅楼包含不同类型住宅的混合组合。

在前五层，有 121 个单间，是一种长期酒店式公寓，可供商务旅客等租住数周。这些单元的面积在 16 至 22 平方米之间。上面四层交给了雷恩住房协会，共有 41 套社会公寓，居住面积在 44 至 112 平方米之间。顶层八层共有 46 套公寓，面积在 36 至 155 平方米之间。办公楼的设计面积约为每层 450 至 900 平方米，从而满足办公楼租赁市场的需求。

在这里，开发商从半层的最小单元开始，采用了非常不同的分割方案。为了充分满足不同的项目要求，所有三栋建筑都采用了功能中立、分隔灵活的平面设计。建筑由承重外墙和承重通道核心筒组成。所有隔墙，包括公寓之间的隔墙，均由轻质材料制成。底层设有几家餐厅、一个健身俱乐部和一个带维修车间的大型自行车库。整个建筑群有一层地下室，用于建造地下停车场。在建筑体量之间，将建造与人行道相连的中间区域，每个区域都将作为扩大的室外公共空间，并将设计成带有植物的露台。

Hybrid Program - The program for the Beaumont project includes a total of about 31,000 square meters of gross floor area, which is roughly divided by half into apartments and offices. These areas are to be realized with a residential high-rise and two medium-rise office buildings, all of which are connected on the ground floor. The residential tower contains a very hybrid constellation of different types of housing. On the first five floors, there are 121 studios in a kind of long-term hotel for rentals lasting several weeks, for example to business travelers. These units are between 16 and 22 square meters in size. The four floors above were handed over to the Rennes housing association as a total of forty-one social apartments with living spaces between 44 and 112 square meters. The top eight floors contain forty-six apartments between 36 and 155 square meters. The office buildings are designed to create areas of between about 450 and 900 square meters per floor, thus meeting the requirements of the rental office market. Here the developers assume very different division options, starting with the smallest unit of half a floor. To be able to respond adequately to the widely divergent programmatic requirements, all three buildings are designed with functionally neutral and flexibly divided floor plans. The construction consists of load-bearing façades in combination with load-bearing access cores. All partition walls, including those between the apartments, are made of lightweight construction. The ground floor offers space for several restaurants, a fitness club, and a large bicycle storage room with a repair workshop. The entire complex has a one-story basement for an underground car park. Between the building volumes, intermediate zones linked to the footpath will be created, each of which will function as expanded public spaces outdoors and will be designed as terraces with plants.

锥形建筑-建筑师们面临着如何在这个项目中定位自己的问题，尤其是在城市规划要求方面。两家事务所都主张基于逻辑和理性的建筑设计，认为从外部强加的纯粹形式束缚是有问题的。

通过研讨会式的竞赛过程和几次临时陈述，我们很快就发现，其他设计方案，例如以多层建筑为基础的横向分层设计--从而使上面的建筑体量之间有更大的距离--是不会被接受的。在与评审团的讨论中，我们产生了这样一个想法，即利用所需的坡度，不仅营造出一种正式的姿态，还能提高项目内的生活质量。倾斜的平面布局极大地改善了楼宇之间的狭窄距离，使楼宇之间的空间向外开放，从而为楼宇之间带来更多的光线，并放松了视觉关系，尤其是在公寓中。

对于所需的垂直坡度也采用了同样的策略：建筑物的外墙略微倾斜，使空间朝向天空，同时也提供了更多的光线。这是通过在外立面上大约 15 厘米深的凹槽来实现的，这就产生了一种略带金字塔形的效果。其结果是形成了一种形态，创造了一种有形的大都市密度，容纳了大量复杂的项目，同时实现了较高的城市通透性、良好的视觉连接以及建筑物之间尽可能多的采光和阳光。

Conical Buildings - The architects were faced with the question of how to position themselves in this project, especially concerning the urban planning requirements. Both offices stand for architecture based on logic and rationality, which finds a purely formal corset imposed from outside problematic. Thanks to a workshop-like competition process with several interim presentations, it quickly became clear that alternative designs which, for example, are layered more horizontally with multistory bases—therefore allowing more distance between the building volumes above—would not be accepted. The discussions with the jury gave rise to the idea of using the required slopes in such a way that they not only create a formal gesture but also increase the quality of life within the project. The narrow distances between the buildings are greatly improved by sloping floor plans, which open the spaces in between to the outside and thereby bring more light between the buildings and relax the visual relationships, especially in the apartments. The same strategy is used for the required vertical slope: the buildings have slightly inclined facades that open the spaces toward the sky and also provide more light. This is achieved through approximately 15-centimeter-deep recesses in the façades, which gives rise to a slightly pyramidal effect. The result is a morphology that creates a physically tangible metropolitan density, accommodates great programmatic complexity, and at the same time enables high urban porosity, good visual connections, and as much light and sun as possible between the buildings.

混凝土外骨骼 - 在法国，住宅和办公楼最经济有效的建筑方式仍然是混凝土结构的承重外墙与同样由混凝土制成的结构核心筒相结合。许多法国建筑公司为这种连接天花板和外墙的系统开发了自己的隔热系统，以便以经济有效的方式控制热桥。混凝土的美观度相当低，而且通常会被覆盖。博蒙特项目的客户是 Legendre Immobilier 公司，这是一家专门从事混凝土结构的中型建筑公司的开发部门，该公司还拥有自己的预制件工厂。

建筑设计团队以这些非凡的环境为设计出发点，将法国常见的建筑逻辑转化为精致的外骨骼，外墙完全由混凝土预制构件制成。我们的想法是对外壳进行美学设计，这样就不需要覆层。建筑直接变成了建筑。之所以能够采用这种方法，是因为设计工作采用了 "设计与建造 "的方式，通过各种模拟和 "从文件到工厂的规划 "与建筑公司直接合作，而没有采用公开招标的复杂条件。

Exoskeleton in Concrete - The fundamentally most cost-effective construction for residential and office buildings in France is still a load-bearing façade made of structural concrete in combination with a structural core, also made of concrete. Many French construction companies have developed their own thermal break for this system for connecting ceilings to façades in order to keep thermal bridges under control cost-effectively. The concrete is of rather low aesthetic quality and is usually covered. The client for the Beaumont project is Legendre Immobilier, the development department of a medium-sized construction company specializing in concrete structures, which also owns its own precast factory. The architectural team took these remarkable circumstances as a design starting point and translated the construction logic common in France into a refined version of an exoskeleton with a façade made entirely of precast concrete elements. The idea is to design the shell aesthetically so that no cladding is required. Construction directly becomes architecture. This approach was made possible thanks to the design work as “Design & Build” in direct collaboration with the construction company with various mock-ups and “file-to-factory planning,” without the complicated conditions of a public tender.

该系统在柱和梁方面的设计相对简单。从视觉上看，横梁从一根柱子跨到另一根柱子，但实际上，该系统已经合理化，横梁主要跨过两个支撑，但在中间支撑的上方有一个视觉上重要的假连接。柱子和横梁都设计成向内的斜面，同样延续了建筑的大斜面形状，目的是让更多的光线进入公寓。

成品部件的斜面也在外部视图中形成了一个锥形，使本就沉重的部件更加轻盈和优雅。角柱采用斜切处理，使外墙四周均匀。与大多数其他欧洲国家不同的是，这种外部支撑结构可能会产生热应力和危险的裂缝，而水密性，尤其是结构节点的水密性，乍一看似乎很难，但都是可以控制的。每层外墙的后退都是由后退的支撑结构来保证的，尽管支撑结构后退，但与下面的支撑结构仍有足够的重叠部分，以便有足够的钢筋材料穿过。

混凝土被拆除后，除防水浸渍外，未作任何处理。混凝土的质量是建筑物最终外观的决定性因素。作为一种有意识的设计策略，深层混凝土元素的建筑语言有助于应对各种不可预见的情况，例如偶尔出现的不同窗户系统，同时仍能保持稳健的设计骨架。

The system is designed to be relatively simple in terms of columns and beams. Visually, the beams span from one column to the next, but in reality, the system has been rationalized and the beams largely span over two supports, but then have a visually important false joint above the middle support. Columns and beams are designed with inward bevels, again in continuation of the large, beveled shape of the buildings, here with the aim of allowing more light into the apartments. The beveling of the finished parts also creates a tapering in the external view, which gives the inherently heavy components more lightness and elegance. The corner columns are mitered so that the façade runs evenly all around. In contrast to most other European countries, the risk of thermal stresses with possible dangerous cracks due to this externally placed support structure, as well as the water tightness, especially of the structural nodes, which at first glance seems difficult, are seen as manageable. The setbacks of the façade on each floor are ensured by the receding supports, which, despite the receding, still have plenty of overlap with the support underneath so that enough reinforcing material can be passed through. The concrete is removed and remains untreated apart from a water-repellent impregnation. The quality of the concrete is the decisive element for the final appearance of the building. As a conscious design strategy, the architectural language of deep concrete elements helps to respond to various unforeseeable things, such as occasionally differing window systems, while still maintaining a robust design backbone.

平等的空间概念--在空间方面，项目假定办公室和公寓的空间条件大致相同。这一出发点为平面布局创造了极大的灵活性，同时又保持了类似的宽敞空间品质。由于每套公寓都有大量落地窗，最终使得整个室内空间都能向外开放，因此没有多余的阳台或冬季花园。支撑物提供了一个中性的网格，各处的窗户大小相似。在高层住宅中，每扇窗户都与一个狭长的阳台相结合，类似于巴黎豪斯曼林荫大道上的阳台。

办公楼层和住宅楼层都有标准高度。底层的平均总高度约为 5 米。这给人一种宽敞的感觉，可以为许多活动提供空间。这意味着办公室和公寓的入口大厅都宽敞舒适。在法国，室内设计通常是由 "装饰设计师 "决定的，而 "装饰设计师 "主要追随肤浅的时尚潮流，这意味着建筑师只能专注于外观设计。

Egalitarian Spatial Concept - In terms of space, the project assumes approximately the same spatial conditions between offices and apartments. This starting point creates great flexibility in terms of floor plan layout while maintaining a similar generous spatial quality. Due to the large number of floor-to-ceiling windows per apartment, which ultimately allowed the entire interior to be opened to the outside, there were no extra balconies or winter gardens. The supports provide a neutral grid with similar window sizes everywhere. In the high-rise residential building, each window is combined with a narrow balcony, similar to the balconies along the Haussmann boulevards in Paris. Office and residential floors have standard heights. The ground floor has an average gross height of about 5 meters throughout. This creates a spacious impression that can offer room for many activities. This means that both the entrance halls of the offices and the apartments are spacious and relaxed. The design of the interior is, as is often the case in France, determined by a “decorator” who mainly follows superficial fashion trends, which means that the architects can only concentrate on the external appearance.

整体性与精细化--对于建筑师团队来说，该项目在不同方面都证明了其非凡的智慧。就纯粹的实用性而言，该项目显示了在直接代表建筑公司工作的情况下，建筑设计可以有多大的发展空间，也显示了建筑设计和施工技术的组合可以在多大程度上实现概念化。

对建筑师来说，这是首次实现的大规模城市建筑群。设计目标是在三座建筑中实现最大可能的统一性和整体性。项目的不同部分和不同的生活形式通过办公楼和住宅楼之间不同尺寸的柱子和梁来表达，这为项目的各个部分提供了必要的自由度，但只是在设计上以微妙和丰富的方式改变了统一性。

这样做的目的是避免项目因项目的不同部分和不同的居住安排而在设计上分崩离析。从这个意义上说，设计方法是反功能主义的。从城市规划中发展出来的体积斜面策略，只有通过其统一性才能真正成为一种清晰的设计工具，而这正是它形成强烈表现力的原因。

Monolithics and Refinement - For the team of architects, the project has proven intellectually remarkable in different respects. In purely pragmatic terms, the project shows what scope for architecture can arise when working directly on behalf of a construction company, and also to what extent a design-and-build constellation for architecture and construction technology can be conceptualized. For the architects, it was the first large-scale urban building ensemble to be realized. The design goal was to achieve the greatest possible uniformity and monolithic architecture in the three buildings. The different parts of the program and the varying forms of living are expressed in different dimensions of the columns and beams between the office and residential buildings, which offer the respective parts of the program the necessary freedom but only vary the unity in a subtle and enriching way in terms of design. The aim was to avoid the project falling apart in terms of design due to the different parts of the program and the varying living arrangements. The design approach is anti-functionalist in this sense. The strategy of volumetric bevels, which grew out of urban planning, only really becomes legible as a design tool through its uniformity, and this is precisely why it develops a strong expression.

该建筑群坐落于雷恩火车站正对面，对该地址的形成具有重要意义，同时也是一个考虑到该地点的强烈的纪念性标识。从历史上看，这座建筑试图在形式语言和材料方面继承伟大的法国传统。博蒙的设计有意识地参考了哥特式时期新兴的垂直建筑，以及水平和垂直之间的特殊关系，就像奥古斯特-佩雷特（Auguste Perret）的城市现代主义一样，采用了立窗和裸露的混凝土作为外墙材料。

设计的目标是建造一座坚固耐用、近乎野蛮的建筑，同时又是一座优雅精致的建筑，无论设计方案如何，它都能适应多种变化，在最好的情况下，还能形成一种永恒之美，并为雷恩市中心架起一座桥梁。设计还借鉴了现代主义建筑师乔治-马约尔斯（Georges Maillols）富有诗意的建筑风格，他对二战后雷恩市的重建产生了持久的影响。

Located directly at Rennes train station, the complex has great importance for the formation of the address, a correspondingly strong, monumental identity that takes the place into account. Historically, this architecture attempts to build on the great French traditions in terms of its language of form and materiality. The vertical, emerging architecture of the Gothic period, with its specific relationship between horizontality and verticality, is included as a conscious reference in Beaumont’s design, just like the urban modernism of Auguste Perret with its standing windows and exposed concrete as a façade material. The aim is a robust, almost brutalist and at the same time elegant and refined architecture that can accommodate many changes regardless of the program, in the best case developing a timeless beauty and building a bridge to Rennes’ city center. The design also draws on the poetic architecture of the modernist architect Georges Maillols, who had a lasting influence on the reconstruction of the city after World War II.

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极简现代 | 办公+酒店式公寓：倾斜的外立面效果

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