唧唧堂：JIBS 国际商务研究2020年4月刊论文摘要

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1. 国际商务研究中对多重共线性的误解：识别，后果及修正

国际商务（IB）的实证研究中经常存在自变量间的共线性问题。本文探讨了当前对共线性问题的认识不足及不当处理，并通过仿真来说明其潜在影响。本文还阐述了国际商务研究者们应如何尽可能降低定量研究中的共线性，因为该问题导致虚假或者不稳定的结果。本文得出以下六个主要观点：首先，多重共线性不会导致偏误。从某种意义上说，这并不违背计量经济学中所涉及的回归的基本假设。第二，方差膨胀因子往往是标准误较大（而不是较小时）的指向性指标。第三，回归系数的不稳定不是多重共线性的结果。第四，当变量存在明显的部分相关时，遗漏这些变量可能会使结果异常。第五，忽略聚类处理会导致虚假结果。第六，国家层面的聚类处理并不能完全控制国家差异。

Collinearity between independent variables is a recurrent problem in quantitative empirical research in International Business (IB). We explore insufficient and inappropriate treatment of collinearity and use simulations to illustrate the potential impact on results. We also show how IB researchers doing quantitative work can avoid collinearity issues that lead to spurious and unstable results. Our six principal insights are the following: first, multicollinearity does not introduce bias. It is not an econometric problem in the sense that it would violate assumptions necessary for regression models to work. Second, variance inflation factors are indicators of standard errors that are too large, not too small. Third, coefficient instability is not a consequence of multicollinearity. Fourth, in the presence of a higher partial correlation between the variables, it can paradoxically become more problematic to omit one of these variables. Fifth, ignoring clusters in data can lead to spurious results. Sixth, accounting for country clusters does not pick up all country-level variation.

原文: Thomas Lindner, Jonas Puck and Alain Verbeke. Misconceptions about multicollinearity in international business research: Identification, consequences, and remedies. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 283–298.

2. 国际军事冲突如何影响跨境并购有关的市场反应？

本文研究了国际军事冲突，对市场对跨境并购（CBA）反应的影响。基于群体关系有关的研究，本文推演出国家间的不同程度的军事冲突，会导致合并企业双方的群体冲突，并且不利于市场对跨境并购（CBA）做出（正常）反应。以1988~2011年间7321个跨境并购（CBA）为样本，发现随着跨境并购（CBA）公告的同时，国际军事冲突会减少购买方的收益。但是，并购双方所在国的文化相似性则会削弱军事冲突与市场对跨境并购（CBA）的反应的关系；而两国（历史上的）殖民地关系、标的企业所在国的民族自豪感、标的企业的规模会增强军事冲突与市场对跨境并购（CBA）的反应的关系。本文研究有助于探讨国际政治/关系在国际商业中的作用。

Our work examines the impact of country-dyadic military conflicts on market reaction to cross-border acquisitions (CBAs). Building on intergroup relations research, we theorize that country-dyadic military conflicts, weighted by their severity, trigger intergroup conflicts between the merging firms and, in so doing, hamper market reaction to CBA. Drawing on a sample that comprises 7321 CBAs between 1988 and 2011, we find that country-dyadic military conflicts reduce acquirer returns following CBA announcements and that cultural similarity between acquirer and target countries weakens the relationship between military conflicts and market reaction to CBA while colonial ties between the countries, the target country’s national pride, and the target’s firm size reinforce the relationship. Our study contributes to an emerging body of work that examines the role of international politics/relations in international business.

原文：Chengguang Li, Ilgaz Arikan, Oded Shenkar and Asli Arikan. The impact of country-dyadic military conflicts on market reaction to cross-border acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 299–325.

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3.不再甜蜜：远距离的小型合作伙伴间的信任如何被破坏

本文研究了远距离如何破坏小型伙伴间的信任。已有国际商务的研究认为，远距离会阻碍了潜在合作伙伴间信任的建立，但却忽视了远距离也会破坏已形成的伙伴关系。通过定性的纵向研究，本文探讨了远距离如何动态影响跨境伙伴之间的信任，扩展了当前的理论。本文具体指出了三个相互关联的机制，解释了远距离如何破坏双方的信任。在建立合作伙伴关系之前，距离过远会导致合作伙伴高估了对方质量，对潜在合作伙伴绩效的产生过高期望。一旦伙伴关系形成，距离过远也会在不良结果产生时，阻碍双方的沟通了解及（有效的）的归因。同时，距离所带来的有限可靠性，对伙伴间的成果探讨也形成一定挑战。在此恶性循环下，由于合作伙伴都期望保护自身信誉，出于对伙伴的品行的怀疑，而放弃维系合作关系。本文所提出的理论模型说明了信任的局限性，说明了远距离其实是信任构建中的“双刃剑”。

We investigate the role of high distance in trust erosion between small partners. High distance is known to hinder the formation of trust between potential partners, but its role in trust erosion in established partnerships is less understood by international business scholars. Through a qualitative longitudinal study, we extend current theory of how high distance affects the trust dynamics between cross-border partners. Specifically, we unearth three interrelated mechanisms that together explain how and why trust can erode due to high distance. We show that, before a partnership is formed, high distance can lead partners to erroneously attribute cues to a potential partner’s high quality, leading to over-expectations of partner performance. Once the partnership is operational, high distance hinders actors’ ability to understand situational factors associated with disappointing outcomes, and so they are attributed to failings of the partner. At the same time, distance-related challenges of bounded reliability render partners reluctant to discuss partnership outcomes. This can result in a vicious cycle of inertia as partners strive to protect goodwill while abandoning efforts to produce partnership outcomes because of doubts of the other’s quality. Thus, our theoretical model illustrates the limitations of trust and explains how, paradoxically, high distance can facilitate both trust formation and trust erosion.

原文：Carole Couper, A. Rebecca Reuber and Shameen Prashantham. Lost that lovin’ feeling: The erosion of trust between small, high-distance partners. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 326–352.

4. 跨社会文化的高绩效工作系统和组织绩效

本文研究了社会文化是否调节了人力资源管理（HRM）与组织绩效之间的关系。基于14个国家/地区的387个组织和7187名员工的匹配的雇主-雇员数据，发现采用了高绩效工作系统（HPWS）的人力资源管理活动与跨社会文化的组织绩效之间正相关。社会文化的三个维度（权力距离，团体内集体主义和制度性集体主义）对这种关系无调节作用。利用“能力-动机-机会”（AMO）模型，进一步探讨了三类人力资源管理的有效性（技能增强、动机增强和机会增强）。研究表明，在高权力距离的文化中，机会增强（参与性工作设计和决策）效果较差。不同的国家中，综合利用高绩效工作系统（HPWS）和“能力-动机-机会”（AMO）模型可以超越了社会文化的影响，增强了组织绩效。

This paper assesses whether societal culture moderates the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational performance. Drawing on matched employer–employee data from 387 organizations and 7187 employees in 14 countries, our findings show a positive relationship between HRM practices combined in High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) and organizational performance across societal cultures. Three dimensions of societal culture assessed (power distance, in-group collectivism, and institutional collectivism) did not moderate this relationship. Drawing on the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) model, we further consider the effectiveness of three bundles of HRM practices (skill-enhancing, motivation-enhancing, and opportunity-enhancing practices). This analysis shows opportunity-enhancing practices (e.g., participative work design and decision-making) are less effective in high-power-distance cultures. Nevertheless, in markedly different countries we find combinations of complementary HPWS and bundles of AMO practices appear to outweigh the influence of societal culture and enhance organizational performance.

原文：Ali Dastmalchian et al. High-performance work systems and organizational performance across societal cultures. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 353–388

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5.从跨国公司总部向外国子公司行为转化的微观过程：子公司转化的作用

当前研究越来越重视跨国企业（MNE）中，知识转化（knowledge transformation）的微观基础。已有研究发现了大量的转化行为（translation of practices）中的促进因素和障碍因素，但对跨国公司总部向外国子公司进行的转化行为却鲜有探讨。本文采用斯堪的纳维亚的制度主义方法，研究企业社会责任报告体系的转化——一种企业总部发起的行为实践，是如何转移（并影响）到英国总部所属的五个外国子公司去的。基于现有研究的框架，从微观角度扩展了已有的转化行为的研究框架。结合理论探究了行为转化的微观流程的顺序，确定其发生的条件，结合三种类型的转化，深刻理解从总部转移到子公司时这种转化（扩散）的微观基础。本文表明，转化是一种不断演进的现象，空间和时间重要性不可忽视的。本文也表明在各种（转化双方）的制度距离下，个人经验也会对转化产生影响。

Recent research has increasingly emphasized the micro-foundations of knowledge transformation in multi-national enterprises (MNEs). Although the literature has provided ample evidence of the enablers of and barriers to the translation of practices, less is known about the activities and efforts of translators that lead to specific types of translation in the context of the transfer of practices initiated at a MNE’s headquarters (HQ) to foreign subsidiaries. We apply a Scandinavian institutionalist approach to examine the translation of corporate social responsibility reporting, an HQ-initiated practice that is transferred to five foreign subsidiaries of a UK-based MNE. Our paper builds from a preliminary framework based on extant research to develop an extended framework of the micro-processes of translation. By theorizing the sequence of the micro-processes undertaken by translators, identifying the conditions under which they occur, and connecting them to the three types of translation, we provide a deep understanding of the micro-foundations of translation when transferring practices from HQ to subsidiaries. Our paper shows that translation is an evolving phenomenon and illuminates the importance of attending to the social, spatial, and temporal situatedness of translators. It also brings insights into the individual experience of institutional distance and its effects on translation.

Note：translation refers to how ideas change as they travel from one context to another.

原文：Gabriela Gutierrez-Huerter O, Jeremy Moon, Stefan Gold and Wendy Chapple. Micro-processes of translation in the transfer of practices from MNE headquarters to foreign subsidiaries: The role of subsidiary translators. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 389–413.

6.一体化导向战略，东道国市场腐败及新兴市场的外国子公司退出的可能性

已有研究表明，对于来自发达经济体的跨国公司而言，子公司所在的新兴市场（东道国）的腐败程度越高，总部越可能关闭该子公司。本文从组织角度和一体化的响应范式来探讨腐败程度的影响，并提出以一体化导向的战略（integration-oriented strategies）会削弱（东道国的）腐败程度与关闭子公司(可能性)的正向关系，尤其在高腐败的环境下。本文从股权策略及外派人员策略的角度来检验上述关系的作用机制。研究发现，腐败与退出该市场关系的重要机制是其间的不确定性，跨国公司可以通过制定子公司的投资战略的选择来减少这种不确定性。跨国公司对子公司股权占比越高，越会弱化腐败程度与关闭新兴市场的子公司的（正向）关系，尤其在当地腐败程度较高时；但边际效应检验不支持外派人员战略假设。本文的实践启示在于，发达国家的跨国企业在制定新兴市场的发展战略时，应关注当地腐败程度这一要素。

Extant research has found that more pronounced levels of corruption in foreign host emerging markets increase the likelihood that subsidiaries established by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from developed countries will exit. We synthesize insights from the organizational perspective of corruption and the integration-responsiveness paradigm to propose that integration-oriented strategies will weaken the positive relationship between corruption and the likelihood of exit at high levels of host market corruption. We develop and test hypotheses pertaining to the main effect of corruption on the likelihood of subsidiary exit, as well as the moderating impacts of a firm’s equity ownership strategy and its expatriate staffing strategy upon this relationship. We theorize that uncertainty operates as the mechanism that underpins the corruption-market exit relationship, and that an MNE’s strategic choices with respect to its subsidiary investments contribute to reducing this uncertainty. We find that an increase in the foreign-investing MNE’s equity ownership share negatively moderates the positive relationship between corruption and the likelihood that foreign subsidiaries established by developed market MNEs will exit host emerging markets when corruption is high. However, the marginal effects results do not support the expatriate staffing strategy hypothesis. Our work provides guidance to developed country MNEs that seek insights with respect to the utility of strategies that might be implemented in host emerging markets characterized by more pronounced levels of corruption.

原文：Michael A. Sartor and Paul W. Beamish. Integration-oriented strategies, host market corruption and the likelihood of foreign subsidiary exit from emerging markets. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 414–431.

7. 评估全球价值链中的公司异质性

学界和业界前沿对全球价值链（GVC）的关注愈发浓烈，且需要更好的测量评估的方法。本研究旨在提出一种已在学术研究中备受推崇的测量评估全球价值链（GVC）的方法——投入-产出模型，尤其通过考虑行业内公司的异质性，不再局限于行业分析。本文对跨国企业的说明应用中，与国内公司对全球价值链（GVC）的参与相比，加深了其在全球价值链（GVC）中的特定作用以及这种参与如何在国家和行业之间变化的理解。虽然跨国公司的出口增值的贡献，比传统贸易所统计的小得多，但有趣的是，在当地较高进口量的情境下，跨国公司出口可以与当地落后企业的发展并驾齐驱。但相对于当地公司而言，（跨国公司）只有成为生产过程的一部分时，这种价值链的参与才具有较高的专业性。本文回答了跨国公司如何参与全球价值链的相关问题，而这些问题迄今无法在跨国比较环境中全面理解，该方法在国际商业研究中存在巨大潜力。

The growing interest in global value chains (GVCs) has been paired with a greater appreciation of the need for better measurement methods, as reflected by recent initiatives from academia and leading international organizations. This research note focuses on one method to measure GVCs that has been recommended in recent scholarly work, namely input–output models, but goes beyond the industry level of analysis by introducing intra-industry firm heterogeneity. Our illustrative application to multinational enterprises (MNEs) versus domestic firms’ participation in GVCs enhances our understanding of their specific role in GVCs and how such engagement varies across countries and industries. While showing that MNEs’ contribution to value-added exports is considerably smaller than what is suggested by traditional trade statistics, our findings also, interestingly, document that the higher import content of exports of MNEs can go hand in hand with the creation of local backward linkages as a function of their much higher specialization in only parts of the production process vis-a`-vis domestic firms. By answering relevant questions on MNEs’ engagement in GVCs that have hitherto been impossible to address comprehensibly and in a cross-country comparative setting, this application illustrates how the methodology has great potential for international business research.

原文：Fabienne Fortanier, Guannan Miao, Ans Kolk and Niccolo Pisani. Accounting for firm heterogeneity in global value chains. Journal of International Business Studies (2020) 51, 432–453.