「
彩礼」这个话题,近年来一直都在风口浪尖上。最近《奇葩说》提出的辩题「独立女性该不该收彩礼」,又一次把彩礼这个话题推上热搜。
但遗憾的是,节目里的双方辩手几乎都是在围绕「独立女性」这个点争辩,却忽视了「彩礼」本身的复杂性,避开了真正尖锐的问题。
实际上,不仅「独立女性应不应该收彩礼」是一个伪命题,连「应不应该收彩礼」都不是一个合理的问题。
因为「彩礼」从来都不是带来问题的原因,而只是其他问题带来的结果。「彩礼」背后,是严重失衡的性别比例,
是根深蒂固的重男轻女思想,
是数千万消失的女婴,是家庭和社会性别权力极大的不平等。
而这些都不是女性和男性自身(不管他们独立与否)所能决定的。
《经济学人》和《华盛顿邮报》也曾对中国的彩礼问题进行了探讨,我们来看一看相关报道。
2017年11月25日这期的《经济学人》用一个专题报道了全世界各个地区(印度、中国、西方等)、各种婚姻类型(包办婚姻、近亲结婚、同性婚姻等等)的发展现状,其中有一篇便谈到了中国的彩礼问题。我们来看一看《经济学人》是怎么描述的。
Like India, most of China is patrilocal: in theory, at least, a married woman moves into her husband’s home and looks after his parents.
和印度一样,在中国大多数地区,女性婚后都是从夫居:至少从理论上来说,已婚女性要搬到丈夫家居住,并照顾公婆。
patrilocal
[ˏpætri'lәukәl] 为形容词,由patri(父系的)和local(当地)构成,表示「从夫居的,婚后居住在男方的」。
in theory
指「理论上,从理论上来说」,相当于
theoretically
。
Also like India, China has a deep cultural preference for boys. But whereas India has dowries, China has bride prices. The groom’s parents, not the bride’s, are expected to pay for the wedding and give money and property to the couple.
并且,中国也像印度一样,重男轻女文化根深蒂固。不过,印度是女方要给男方嫁妆,中国则实行彩礼制度,男方的父母负责婚礼的开支,给新婚夫妇金钱和房产。
preference
为名词,指「偏爱,偏好」,惯用搭配是
have a preference for sth / sb
表示「偏好...」。
have a cultural p
reference for boys
喜欢男孩的文化传统,也就是我们常说的「重男轻女」观念。
我们还可以用
favour sons over daughters
来表示「重男轻女」。比如:Chinese families have long favoured sons over daughters, meaning the country now has a huge surplus of men.
dowry
[ˈdaʊri] 为名词,指「嫁妆,陪嫁」。
bride price
指「彩礼,聘礼」。这个词比较直白。还有一个说法是
betrothal gifts
betrothal [bi'trəuðəl] 是「订婚,婚约」的意思,betrothal gift 订婚时给的礼物,也就是「彩礼,聘礼」。
property
作不可数名词,指「不动产,房地产」,也可统指
「财产,财务」。比如personal property 个人财产。
These bride prices have shot up, bending the country’s society and economy out of shape.
shoot up
指「猛增」
(to increase very quickly and suddenly)
。
外刊里常用来表示「猛增,激增」的英文表达还有:
surge, soar, escalate, balloon, explode, rocket, skyrocket等等。
《经济学人》的标题便
一针见血地指出「高价彩礼」存在的根本原因
及其影响。
A distorted sex ratio is playing havoc with marriage in China
ratio
是「比例,比率」,「A和B之间的比例」我们可以说
the ratio of A to B
,比如「男女比例」the ratio of men to women。
distort
为动词,指「使...
变形,扭曲」
(to change the shape, appearance or sound of sth so that it is strange or not clear)
。
distorted
[dɪˈstɔːtɪd] 为形容词,指「扭歪的;歪曲的」,标题中a distorted sex ratio便表示「扭曲的性别比」。
distort
还有一个引申义,表示「歪曲;曲解」
(to twist or change facts, ideas, etc. so that they are no longer correct or true)
。比如:
His account was badly distorted by the press.
他的话遭到了报界的严重歪曲。
distortion
[dɪˈstɔːʃn] 为名词,比如:a gross distortion of the facts 对事实的严重歪曲。
havoc
为不可数名词,指「灾难,混乱,浩劫」
(a situation in which there is a lot of damage, destruction or confusion)
。
《西游
记》里那句经典的台词:俺乃是五百年前大闹天宫的齐天大圣孙悟空!
便被翻译成了 :
I'm Sun Wukong, the Great Sage Equaling Heaven who
made havoc
in Heaven five hundred years ago.
play havoc with sth / wreak havoc on sth
是外刊里出镜率很高的词组,表示「对…造成破坏,使…陷入混乱」。英文解释为If one thing plays havoc with another or wreaks havoc on it, it
prevents it from continuing or functioning as normal
, or
damages it.
举个例子:
The pandemic continues to
wreak havoc on
the US economy.
新冠疫情仍在严重破坏美国经济。
再比如《经济学人》一篇关于中美贸易战的文章这样写道:
Exports to America are only a fraction of Chinese GDP, but a trade war between the world’s two biggest economi
es could
wreak havoc on
se
ntiment and supply chains.
对美国的出口只占中国GDP的一小部分,但全球两大经济体之间的贸易战可能会对市场情绪和供应链造成严重破坏。
A shortage of brides is bending Chinese society out of shape
bend
为动词,本义指「压弯,弄弯」,
out of shape
指「走样,走形」。文中bend Chinese society out of shape 意思便是「让中国社会变得扭曲」。
作者在正文中对「男女性别比严重失衡」这一现象进行了展开论述。
The cause, as Mr Ren explains, is a shortage of women. Without human intervention, about 105 boys will be born for every 100 girls: boys and men are slightly more likely to die, so by the time they reach reproductive age the number of men and women should be roughly equal.
任先生解释说,之所以出现这种情况,是因为女性数量过少。在自然情况下,男女出生比例约为105:100,男性死亡率稍高,因此到生育年龄时,男女数量基本持平。
by the time
指「到…时候」,这个短语可以起连词作用,引导时间状语从句。比如:
As recently as the mid-1990s, only 1 in 20 women in Japan had never been married
by the time
they turned 50, according to government census figures.
日本政府的人口普查数据显示,就在1990年代中期,日本在50岁之前未结过婚的女性还只有二十分之一。
reproductive age
指「生育年龄」。
reproductive
[ˌriːprəˈdʌktɪv] 为形容词,指「生殖的;繁殖的」
(connected with reproducing babies, young animals or plants)
。比如:reproductive organs 生殖器官 reproductive system 生殖系统
reproduce
为动词,表示「繁殖,生育」,「复制」。
But many Chinese couples have tipped the scales.Driven partly by China’s now-abandoned one-child policy, they have used ultrasound scans to determine the sex of fetuses and then aborted some of the girls. By 2010 there were 119 boys under five years old for every 100 girls.
然而大量中国夫妇拉大了男女比例。某种程度上由于中国的独生子女政策,很多人通过超声波扫描检查胎儿性别,发现是女孩后有时会选择堕胎。截止2010年,中国五岁以下儿童的男女比例为119:100。人口学家约翰·邦加茨(John Bongaarts)和克里斯托夫·吉尔莫托 (Christophe Guilmot) 估计,中国堕胎女婴的数量超过6000万。
tip
作动词指「使... 倾斜」,
scale
为名词指「称,天平」。
tip the scales
使天平倾斜,喻指「扭转局势,使结果倾向某方;起决定性作用」
(to affect the result of sth in one way rather than another)
。比如:
In an interview, smart presentation can tip the scales in your favour.
在面试中,机敏的表现是一种有利的条件。
partly
是「一定程度上,部分地」的意思。外刊在分析因果关系时经常加上
partly
,
largely
,
in part
,
in large part
这类表示程度的词,使论述更加严谨,值得我们模仿学习。大家体会一下这两句话的不同:
The success of the play was
due to
the director.
表演的成功是导演的功劳。
The success of the play was
in la
rge part due to
the director.
表演的成功很大程度上是导演的功劳。
A is driven by B.
指「A是因为B,A由B推动」,我们可以用在自己的作文中表示因果关系。比如我们在精读社第3季一篇关于死亡的文章学过这样一句话
:
Driven in part by
the decline of religion, and broader shifts in attitudes to death and dying, fewer bereaved are ready to cede their dead unthinkingly to an off-the-shelf burial.
某种程度上由于宗教的衰落,加上人们对死亡和临终态度的广泛变化,越来越多的死者亲友不愿不假思索地选择现成的葬礼形式与死者告别。
米歇尔·奥巴马的自传Becoming,书中也多次出现be driven by sth这一表达,比如:
I was ten when I finally mellowed enough to start venturing out myself, a decision driven in large part by boredom.
我十岁时,终于成熟到可以独自外出冒险,这很大程度上是因为无聊。
now-abandoned
是一个合成形容词,指「现在已废除的」。
类似由「副词+动词过去分词」构成的形容词还有:newly-invented 新发明的,well-known 著名的,badly-lighted 光线不好的。大家在写作时不妨多使用这类合成词,简洁又地道,可以节省很多笔墨。
one-child policy
指「独生子女政策」。
fetus / foetus
[ˈfiːtəs] 为名词,指「胎儿」。
abort
[əˈbɔːt] 为动词,指「打掉」胎儿 。
名词为
abortion
。
我们在
郑爽代孕弃养 | 外媒说
这篇文章也详细讲过这个词:
Zheng allegedly can be heard saying that she is gutted that the fetuses can’t be aborted since they are seven months oldinside their surrogate mothers.
郑爽在录音中说,自己要烦死了,两个孩子已经7个月大了,没办法流产。
In the province of Shandong, in eastern China, the child sex ratio skewed early and drastically. It was highly unbalanced by 1990, and by 2010 had reached 123:100. Moreover, not all Shandong girls hang around awaiting marriage proposals from local boys.
很早之前,山东省的儿童性别比例就出现了大幅失衡。1990年时,男女比例便已严重失调,2010年时则达到了123:100的比例。而且,并非所有山东女性都会选择和当地男性结婚。
skew
为动词,指「扭曲,歪曲」。文中
the child sex ratio skewed early and drastically 意思是「儿童性别比在很早的时候就出现了严重失调」。
标题里的a distorted sex ratio 也可以用a skewed / unbalanced sex ratio 来同义替换。
highly
是一个大家都认识,但想不起来用的副词,表示「很,非常」,常常可以替换very。比如非常熟练的:
highly skilled
非常有竞争力的:
highly competitve
hang around / about
表示「闲待着,等待」。顺便提一下,此处about / around 为副词,而非介词。
about作副词,有「到处」之意,和动词搭配时,常引申为「随意,随便」,进而发展为「乱放,乱扔」的意思。举一些例子:
look about 向四周看
run about
东奔西跑
horse about 胡闹;瞎闯
nose about for sth 到处打探
leave sth about 乱放某物
order sb about 随便使唤某人
当about表示「周围,到处」时,也可以用around代替。
await
为动词,指「等待,等候」
(to wait for something)
。
await sth
相当于wait for sth。比如等待疫苗:
await a vaccine
await sb
表
示「某事将发生在,将降临到」某人身上。比
如:
A warm welcome awaits all our guests.
我们的客人都将受到热烈欢迎。
Moreover, not all Shandong girls hang around awaiting marriage proposals from local boys. 这句话
句中 awaiting marriage proposals from local boys 为现在分词作句子的伴随状语。
The province lies between Beijing and Shanghai, so it is easy for the province’s young women—said to be unusually tall and beautiful—to migrate to the great metropolises in search of work and boyfriends. ⑤The result is a severe shortage, and bride prices that are barmy even by Chinese standards.
山东省位于北京和上海之间,据说这里的年轻女性身材高挑,样貌出众,她们可以很容易地前往大城市找工作,找男朋友。结果是,适婚女性严重短缺,山东省的彩礼金额即使按照中国标准,都高得惊人。
metropolis
[məˈtrɒpəlɪs] 为名词,指「大都会」
(a very large city that is the most important city in a country or area)
。像北京、上海、武汉、成都这样的大城市,都可以称作metropolis。
metropolitan
为形容词,指「大城市的;大都会的」,比如:metropolitan districts / regions 都市区。
in search of sth
指「寻找某物」
(looking for something)
。migrate to the great metropolises in search of work 这个表达可以记下来。
barmy
[ˈbɑːmi] 为形容词,指「傻乎乎的,疯疯癫癫的」
(slightly crazy)。
比如:That’s a barmy idea.这个主意蛮傻的。
In Zhongdenglou, a tidy village in western Shandong, 30-year-old Deng Zhikuan runs a grocery store. When he married, ten years ago, bride prices in the village were between 2,000 and 3,000 yuan.
Now they run between 200,000 and 300,000 yuan, although Mr Deng hears that as much as 500,000 has been handed ov
er. (50,000 yuan would be a respectable annual salary thereabouts)
30岁的邓志宽生活在山东西部的钟登楼村(音译),开着一家小卖部。10年前他结婚时,村里的彩礼价格是2000到3000元,现在这一数字飙升到了20万到30万元不等,虽然邓志宽还听说过有人的彩礼高达50万(5万的年收入在当地已经算不错了)。
run
作动词,这里指「处于,达到」某个水平、数量或价格
(to be at aparticular level, amount, or price)
。比如:
Inflation was
running
at 5%.
通货膨胀率是5%。
The cost of repairing the damage could
run
to $5000.
修理损坏的费用可能要 5000美元。
as much as+数字
指「多到…地步,高达...」。
比如:
You can lose as much as four pounds in one week.
你可以一周之内减轻体重
四磅之多。
thereabouts
为副词,指「大约,左右,上下」,通常用于or之后。
比如:
They paid $100 000
or thereabouts
for the house.
他们买那房子花了大约 10 万元。
男女性别比失衡带来的影响
《经济学人》还谈到了男女性别失衡带来的经济影响之一:储蓄率上升。
China’s growing sex imbalance is driving boys’ parents to desperate lengths. Some add another storey to their houses, not because they need the space but because a woman might be impressed.
中国日益升高的性别比例正把家有男孩的父母搞得焦头烂额。有的家庭把房子多建,不是因为需要更多的空间,而是想给女方留下好印象。
go to great lengths
是一个词组,表示「竭尽全力;不遗余力」
(to put a lot of effort into doing sth, especially when this seems extreme)
。great也可以换成其他形容词,比如:
She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.
她
竭尽全力让自己的私生活不受干扰。
drive sb to desperate lengths
便是由go to great lengths 变形而来,字面义是「逼某人做出绝望的努力」。
They give money to their sons to buy gold jewellery and pay for extravagant wedding photo shoots. They start saving early, then go into debt. China has a sky-high household saving rate: couples squirrel away 38% of disposable income, compared with 10% in notoriously frugal Germany.
他们给儿子钱购买黄金首饰,拍摄昂贵的婚纱照;他们早早地开始存钱,然后又背上各种债务。 中国的储蓄率高得出奇:存款额占可支配收入的38%,而以节俭出名的德国人也才存10%而已。
extravagant
[ɪkˈstrævəɡənt] 指「奢侈的;挥霍的;过于昂贵的」。近义词还有expensive, costly, high-priced, exorbitant。
squirrel sth away
指「储存,贮藏」
(to keep something in a safe place to use later)。
比如:
By December I had $300 squirreled away.
到 12 月份的时候,我已经存了300美元。
disposable income
指「可支配收入」。
形容词
notorious
指「声名狼藉的;臭名昭着的」
(wellknown for being bad)
。比如:a notorious criminal 恶名昭彰的罪犯。
notoriously
为副词形式。
比如:
Show business can be notoriously unforgiving in itstreatmentof female stars of a certain age.
演艺界对上了年纪的女星可谓是出了名地苛刻。
frugal
[ˈfruːɡl] 指「节约的,节俭的」
(using only as much money or food as is necessary)
,与extravagant相反。比如:a frugal existence / life 俭朴的生活。名词形式为
frugality
。
Two academics, Shang-Jin Wei and Xiaobo Zhang, estimate that half the increase in China’s saving rate between 1990 and 2007 can be attributed to the rising cost of marriage in a society with too many men.
学者魏尚进和张晓波估计,1990年至2007年间,中国储蓄率的增长有一半都是因为男女比例失衡引发了结婚费用不断上升。
Over 1000 deaths a year
can be attributed to
drunk driving.
The car accident
was attributed to
faulty brakes.
The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease
is generally attributed to
improvements in diet.
我们再来看一篇《华盛顿邮报》的报道,作为补充阅读。文章标题是这样写的:
put a cap on sth
这个短语很形象,大家留意一下。
cap
本来是「鸭舌帽」的意思,
put a cap on sth
给一个数字带上帽子,也就是限制了上限,
尤其是金钱方面的上限。我们在
拼多多惹众怒,外刊狂喷996
这篇文章也讲过这个词,大家顺便复习一下。
The “bride price” — cash, and possibly a house or other goodies to the bride-to-be’s parents — has been part of the marriage pact in most of China for centuries. The costs, though, are swelling as China copes with one of the biggest demographic imbalances in history.
在中国大多数地区,彩礼—男方送给女方父母的现金、或者房产、物品等—几百年以来都是婚姻习俗。尽管中国政府正在努力应对这次近乎史上最大的人口失衡,彩礼的金额仍然在不断上涨。
goody
为名词,本义是「好吃的东西」,后泛指「好东西,佳品」
(something attractive, pleasant, or desirable)
。
the marriage pact
指「婚约」。
pact
指「协议,约定」。make / sign a pact to do sth
swell
本义是「膨胀」,引申为「增加,加大」的意思。比如:
In recent years, countries in Southeast Asia invested heavily in resorts and casinos to capture the swelling ranks of Chinese tourists.
近年来,东南亚国家大举投资度假村和赌场,以吸引不断增长的中国游客。
顺便小结一下我们读到现在遇到的表示彩礼上涨的词汇:
shoot
up, rise, swell。
One part of it has been long known: How China’s former one-child policy left a glut of boys — preferred by most Chinese families. Girls were sometimes aborted or simply left in a bureaucratic limbo as unregistered with authorities before the one-child rule was eased in 2016.
这其中的部分原因我们很早就已经知道了:中国之前实行独生子女政策,而大多数中国家庭偏爱男孩,导致男孩数量过高。2016年放开二胎政策之前,女婴有时会被流产,或者生下来后因未登记处于“黑户”状态。
leave
这个小词本来是「留下」的意思,常用于引出某事带来的结果。这句话里a glut of boy 便是one-child policy的一个结果。
再举一个例子,《经济学人》一篇关于中国外卖行业发展的文章提到这样一句话:
A boom in online food and retail delivery
has left
the streets of Beijing and Shanghai cluttered with delivery men in bumblebee-yellow or blue helmets and suits, the colors of the two most dominant delivery companies.
在线餐饮和零售业递送的蓬勃发展使得北京和上海街头挤满头戴蜂黄色或蓝色头盔、身着制服的送餐员,这两种颜色是两家最大外卖公司的颜色。
这句话里的leave也起到了引出结果或者说影响的作用。
glut
指「供应过剩,供大于求」。比如:
The current glut of graduates means that many of them will not be able to find jobs
.现在大学毕业生人数过多,意味着他们当中许多人无法找到工作。
我们在
《乘风破浪的姐姐们》,外媒也在叫好的综艺
里也遇见过这个词,回顾一下原句:
One user of Douban, a Chinese film and TV review aggregation site, wrote: “Is this for real? There’s finally something different amid the glut of cookie-cutter talent shows”.
一名豆瓣网友(豆瓣是中国电影剧集评分网站)写道:“这是真的吗?在这千篇一律的真人秀大潮中终于有点不同的东西了”。
There are an estimated 30 million or so more men than women in China — giving it one of the most lopsided ratios in the world.
据估计,中国男性数量约比女性多出3000万,这使中国成为世界上男女比例最为失衡的国家之一。
B
ut China’s economic expansion in the past decade has taken a further gender bite out of rural areas.
然而,中国过去十年的经济发展使得农村地区的性别比例失调现象进一步加剧。
an estimated +数字
表示「预计.
..」 。比如:
An estimated 100 million small farmers worldwide grow coffee.
预计全球有1亿名小农种植咖啡。
lopsided
为形容词,指「 歪斜的;不平等的,不平衡的」。