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It was off the back of studies like these that
the US Department of Labor
issued
a guidance on TCE, saying: “The Board recommends [...] exposures to carbon disulfide (CS2) and trichloroethylene (TCE) be presumed to cause, contribute, or aggravate Parkinsonism.”
正是在这样的研究背景下，美国劳工部发布了一份关于三氯乙烯的指南称：“委员会认为……暴露在二硫化碳和三氯乙烯的环境中会导致、促成或加重帕金森综合征。”
saying现在分词作伴随状语，解释指南的内容
1.on the back of something: as a result of something that already exists or something you have already done
2.presume: to think that something is true, although you are not certain
今世界相比500年前的地球已几乎面目全非。新研究结果表明，目前只有大约3%的陆地表面可能在生态方面未遭破坏。
The vast majority of land on Earth — a staggering 97 percent — no longer qualifies as ecologically intact, according to a sweeping survey of Earth’s ecosystems. Over the last 500 years, too many species have been lost, or their numbers reduced, researchers report April 15 in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.
一项对地球生态系统的全面调查显示，地球上绝大多数的土地（已达到惊人的97%）不再符合生态完整性的标准。研究人员4月15日在《森林与全球变化前沿》上发表报告称，在过去的500年里，太多的物种消失或者数量减少了。
Of the few fully intact ecosystems, only about 11 percent fall within existing protected areas, the researchers found. Much of this
pristine
habitat exists in northern latitudes, in Canada’s
boreal
forests or Greenland’s
tundra
, which aren’t bursting with biodiversity. But chunks of the species-rich rainforests of the Amazon, Congo and Indonesia also remain intact.
研究人员发现，在少数几个完整的生态系统中，只有大约11%位于现有的保护区内。这些原始的栖息地大部分都存在于北纬地区，在加拿大的北方森林或格陵兰的苔原上，这些地方的生物多样性并不丰富。但是，亚马逊、刚果和印度尼西亚等大量物种丰富的热带雨林仍然完好无损。
“These are
the best of the best
, the last places on Earth that haven’t lost a single species that we know of,” says Oscar Venter, a conservation scientist at the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George who wasn’t involved in the study. Identifying such places is crucial, he says, especially for regions under threat of development that require protection, like the Amazon rainforest.
乔治王子市北不列颠哥伦比亚大学的保护科学家奥斯卡·文特说：“这些地方是最好的生态系统，是地球上最后一个我们所知的没有任何物种灭绝的地方。”确认这些地点十分重要，特别是对于像亚马逊雨林这样发展受到威胁，需要保护的地区。
Conservation scientists have long tried to map how much of the planet remains undegraded by human activity. Previous estimates using satellite imagery or raw demographic data found anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of the globe was free from obvious human
incursions
, such as roads, light pollution or the gaping scars of
deforestation
. But an intact forest
canopy
can hide an emptied-out ecosystem below.
长期以来，环境保护科学家一直试图标记出地球上未受人类活动破坏的区域。此前，根据卫星图像或原始人口统计资料数据估计，全球只有20%至40%的地区没有明显的人类入侵的痕迹，比如道路、光污染或森林砍伐留下的巨大伤痕。但是一个完整的森林冠层会隐藏下面空无一物的生态系统。
What exactly constitutes a fully intact and functioning ecosystem is fuzzy and debated by ecologists, but Plumptre and his colleagues started by looking for habitats that retained their full retinue of species, at their natural abundance as of A.D. 1500.
That’s the baseline the International Union for the Conservation of Nature uses to assess species extinctions, even though humans have been altering ecosystems by
wiping out
big mammals for thousands of years.
翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~
这是国际自然保护联盟用来评估物种灭绝水平的基准线，尽管几千年来人类消灭大型哺乳动物的行为一直在改变生态系统。
本文节选自：Science News（科学新闻）
发布时间：2021.04.15
作者：Jonathan Lambert
原文标题：Only 3 percent of Earth’s land hasn’t been marred by humans
