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上期划线句的最后一小句，是选择让应聘者进行人工面试，还是不让应聘者面试？or是衔接在choose to之后的还是without后的？其实判断的关键在于have的形态，如果是跟在without后面表示否定语义，那么应该是or having the candidate
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The recruiting company
can then choose to
let HireVue's system reject candidates without having a human double-check, or have the candidate moved on for a video interview with an actual recruiter.
如果是这样，那么招聘公司可以选择让视图招聘的系统直接拒绝应聘者而无需进行人工复核，或者可以选择让应聘者继续与人工面试官进行视频面试。
心理学研究已经阐明了许多关于人类音乐发展的问题。因为人类作为一个物种，天生就有音乐天赋，所以最好把乐感理解为一种技能，这种技能是由一系列先天和后天因素共同作用而获得的。
Simple exposure to music typically marks the beginning of people’s musical development. Surely children can experience very different
levels
of musical exposure in their lives, ranging from musically rich environments—perhaps where music is very often heard, and parents, siblings, and other caregivers frequently sing and play instruments as part of leisure time—to environments where music is virtually never present.
接触到一些音乐通常就标志着人们音乐发展的开始。当然，儿童在生活中接触音乐的程度不同，有音乐氛围浓厚的环境——也许经常能听到音乐，父母、兄弟姐妹和其他看护人经常在休闲时间唱歌和演奏乐器——也有几乎没有音乐的环境。
The general public often equates the concept of learning with schooling and teaching. Indeed, formal education can be a positive and powerful contributor to musical development. Throughout human history, however, people have acquired much knowledge and skill through informal means. This continues today, both through modern mass communication technology and through old-
fashioned
face-to-face social learning.
一般人往往把学习的概念与上学和教学画上等号。的确，正规教育对音乐的发展可以起到积极有力的促进作用。然而贯穿人类历史，人们获得许多知识和技能是通过非正式的方式。这种情况一直延续到今天，无论是通过现代大众传播技术，还是通过传统的面对面社交学习。
More advanced knowledge and skill acquisition, however, requires learners to apply deliberate attention and effort. Individual practicing and group rehearsing are time-honored
staples
of the musician’s life.
然而，想要获得更先进的知识和技能需要学习者有意识地集中注意力并付出努力。个人练习和集体排练是音乐家生活中经久不衰的主旋律。
As it is
colloquially
used, the term "practice" simply refers to repeatedly
carrying out
an activity in an effort to learn to do it more easily or accurately. In the fields of music and psychology, the term “practice” conveys very special meanings.
人们在口语中所说的“练习”这个词仅仅指反复进行一项活动，以便更轻松或更准确地掌握它。在音乐和心理学领域，“练习”一词具有非常特殊的含义。
Although musicians can differ dramatically in what they consider to be good practice and they may not always
articulate
it clearly, researchers in cognitive psychology have offered the term deliberate practice, defined as effortful, solitary practice that a performer does with the specific purpose of improving skill.
Obviously, this type of practice involves more than mere repetition. It involves musicians in strategizing to get the most out of their learning efforts.
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显然，这种练习不仅仅是简单的重复。它要求音乐家们有策略地努力，以获得最大的学习效果。
本文节选自：Psychology Today（今日心理学）
发布时间：2021.02.11
作者：Robert H. Woody Ph.D.
原文标题：What It Really Takes to Become a Musician
