研究论文中的子句
在校对研究论文时，华乐丝的
潤色
师最常遇到子句相关的错误。因此，在这期的文章中，我来举例谈谈常见的子句错误。
研究论文中减少关系子句
可使用动词的过去式或现在分词形式取代关系子句，如果主要动词是
“to be”
的话，甚至可以删掉。
范例：
完整的关系子句（被动语态）
Netscape allows administrators to implement programs WHICH ARE BASED on Java.
缩减的关系子句（较佳）
Netscape allows administrators to implement programs BASED on Java.
范例
:
完整的关系子句（主动语态）
This study investigates the factors WHICH INFLUENCE the lifetime of telecommunication technology standards.
缩减的关系子句（较佳）
This study investigates the factors INFLUENCING the lifetime of telecommunication technology standards.
范例
:
完整的关系子句（动词为
“to be”
）
The atmospheric aerosols THAT ARE IN heavily polluted areas have the potential to accelerate global warming.
缩减的关系子句（较佳）
The atmospheric aerosols IN heavily polluted areas have the potential to accelerate global warming.
介词引导的关系子句
在关系代名词（
who, which,that
）引导的子句中，只有
which
和
whom
可以后置于介词后使用，而
that
却不能：
介词
+
which
介词加
which
子句，若介词前无逗号，则意味着
which
子句的信息有修饰限制的作用；若介词前无逗号，则表示
which
子句提供非必要的补充信息。
范例
:
Each species and genus of plants produces pollengrains that have a distinct shape. These shapes can be used to identify the
type of plant
from which
they came.
A non-falsifiable theory is a
hypothesis
for which
no test can be devised.
Global warming theories attempt to account for thedocumented rise in average global temperatures since the late 19th century andassess
the extent
to which
the effects are due to human causes.
Even without a detectable increase in globaltemperatures, greenhouse gases could change circulation and
weather patterns
on which
most ofthe world's population depend for their day to day survival. One potentialchange is the drying out of the Amazon Basin.
Recently, scientists have documented
trends
in which
the naturaltiming of animal or insect life cycles changed and the
plants
on which
they depended did not.
Of + which
用
of+which
来表达部分群体的概念。此种表达方式中，且子句前后需加逗号与主句隔开。
范例
:
The report details projected changes affectingeverything from agriculture to breeding grounds for migratory birds,
many of
which
are consideredendangered.
In 2018, the global temperature record was brokenby a half degree Fahrenheit, which in climatic terms is a huge leap. Previoushot years,
the last two of
which
were 1996 and 1998
, broke the record by small fractions of a degree.
Each student room is equipped with broadband Internet access available,
the cost of
which
is included within the residence fee.
Of + Whom
关系代名词
whom
引导的子句，用法上同
which
相同。
范例
:
ACME Corporation has 15 shareholders,
none of
whom
have a clearmajority or a leading role in the company.
逗号
用逗号把非定义性关系子句跟定义性关系子句分隔开来。英语中有两种关系子句：
非定义性
（又称评论性、非必要）关系子句与
定义性
关系子句（又称必要、限定）。正确了解这两种子句的区别，在英语学习中非常重要。
定义性信息
定义性关系子句
提供修饰限定子句前出现的概念的功用，因此，错误使用会导致句意混肴。
范例：
Students who have completed the course
will be awarded a certificate.
在正式定义里，关系代名词
which, that
与
who
前面从来不加逗号，因为他们总是用来定义意思跟类别。
范例：
A catalytic converter is a
device
in the vehicle exhaust system
which/that
chemically changes pollutants, such as carbonmonoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into harmless substances.
A scientist is a
person
who
is
expert in an area of science and uses scientific methods in research.
A limited partnership is a
business structure
inwhich
the liability of one or more of the partners is limited to theamount invested by him.
非定义型信息
非定义型关系子句
对于主题加以评价或提供额外信息，因此直接删除，也不会造成句子主要意思的遗失，这也是辨别子句为定义型还是非定义型的最直接方法。非定义型子句前后一般用逗号与主句分隔。
范例
（
定义型关系子句
）
：
My brother
who
lives in Germany is an
e
ngineer.
（我另外有两个兄弟，他们住在美国。）
Mexican food
that/which
is heavily spiced with chili gives me indigestion.
（不是所有墨西哥菜都添加很多辣椒。只有加了辣椒的墨西哥菜让我胃部不适。）
范例
（
非定义型关系子句
）
：
My brother
, who
lives in Germany
,
is an engineer.
（我只有一个兄弟，他刚好住在德国。）
Mexican food
, which
is heavily spiced with chili
,
gives me indigestion.
（所有墨西哥菜都添加很多辣椒。）
值得注意的是，在
that
引导的子句前，通常都不放逗号，除非有关系副词出现，如下例：
范例：
The evidence shows
, however,
that
this variable does have a significant influence.
The evidence shows
that
this variable does have a significant influence.
要用
which
还是
that
？
That
只能被用来引入限定性的信息，而
which
则可引入定义型和非定义型信息。当然，也有一派语言学家坚持，只在非定义型关系子句里使用
which
。
