中国男女性别比失衡(sex ratio imbalance)方面的经济学文献很多,这也是中国研究的一个经典议题。性别比的测度一般是看“每一百个女性对应着多少男性人口”,按自然的生育规律,男女性别比应该为1:1,但在许多国家和地区(主要集中在亚洲、中东和北非),每一百个女性对应着一百多个男性,即男性新生儿的数量要远超女性。由此造成了“Missing women“或“Missing Girls”的现象,即很多女性并没有成长成人,她们可能在出生前就“消失”了,或者童年早期夭折了。
对此,新加坡国立大学的Haoming Liu 2014年发表在《Journal of Population
Economics》的论文提供了一些新证据和与质量测度相关的讨论。Liu借计划生育政策在1984年的放宽(即准许部分符合条件的家庭可生育二胎,主要是部分省份第一胎为女孩的农村家庭),在文中构建三个工具变量:是否有可生育二胎的资格,当地罚金数额及这两个变量的交互项,由此进行估计推断。
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