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Overall,
the study
-
drawing on data from 194 countries
-
said
that working 55 hours or more a week
is associated with
a 35% higher risk of stroke and a 17% higher risk of dying from ischemic heart disease
compared with
a 35-40 hour working week.
这项研究利用了来自194个国家的数据，总的来说，该研究表明，每周工作55小时及以上的人，与每周工作35-40小时相比，中风风险增加35%，死于缺血性心脏病的风险增加17%。
养成好习惯除了依靠自觉，很多时候需要外部刺激，物质或是精神激励。
Good habits are hard to adopt. But a little
bribery
can go a long way.
That’s the finding from an experiment in India that used rewards to get villagers hooked on routine handwashing. While tying rewards to desired behaviors has long been a staple of habit formation, handwashing has proven difficult to stick.
好习惯是很难养成的。但是一点诱哄手段可以起到很大的作用。印度的一项实验中发现了这一结论。该实验利用奖励让村民们养成勤洗手的习惯。虽然将奖励与期望的行为联系起来一直是形成一种习惯的主要方式，但事实证明，洗手习惯很难坚持下去。
The rewards worked. “If you bribe kids, handwashing rates
shoot up
,” says developmental economist Reshmaan Hussam of Harvard Business School. And even just making handwashing a pleasant, easy activity improved health: Children in households with thoughtfully designed soap dispensers experienced fewer illnesses than children in households without those tools, Hussam and colleagues report in a paper to appear in American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.
奖励是有用的。哈佛商学院的发展经济学家雷斯曼·胡萨姆说：“如果你（用奖励）哄诱孩子，洗手率就会上升。”即使只是让洗手成为一项愉快、轻松的活动，也能改善健康。胡萨姆及其同事发表在美国经济学杂志：《应用经济学》上的一篇论文中指出，拥有精心设计的给皂器的家庭中的儿童患病次数比没有这些工具的家庭中的儿童更少。
Significantly, good habits lingered even after researchers stopped giving out rewards. “The fact that they found persistence suggests to me that participants did form habits,” says Jen Labrecque, a social psychologist at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater who was not involved with the research.
值得注意的是，即使在研究人员停止发放奖励后，好习惯依然存在。“在我看来，他们发现参与试验的人还能坚持洗手的事实表明，他们确实养成了习惯，”斯蒂尔沃特的俄克拉荷马州立大学社会心理学家詹·拉布雷克说，她没有参与这项研究。
This study shows the value of spending a limited pool of money up front versus spreading it more evenly across time, as is common in public health campaigns, says medical
epidemiologist
Stephen Luby of Stanford University.
“I do see the value of front-loading habit adoption.”
翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~“
我确实看到了在养成习惯前期投入资金的价值。”
Even children living in households with just a dispenser and no rewards had better health than children in households without a
dispenser
. Eight months after incentives ceased, children with
soap dispensers
in their households experienced 38 percent fewer days with
diarrhea
and 16 percent fewer days with
respiratory
infections than children without dispensers. Access to a well-designed dispenser also tracked to healthier height and weight for children.
即使是生活在只有给皂器但没有奖励的家庭中的儿童也比生活在没有给皂器的家庭中的儿童健康状况更好。在暂停奖励8个月后，与没有给皂器的儿童相比，家中有给皂器的儿童患腹泻的天数减少了38%，患呼吸道感染的天数减少了16%。使用精心设计的给皂器还与儿童拥有更健康的身高和体重有关。
本文节选自：Science News（科学新闻）
发布时间：2021.05.12
作者：Sujata Gupta
原文标题：Small bribes may help people build healthy handwashing habits
