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Fig. 1.
Location of study area and groundwater monitoring points.
Fig. 2.
Piper diagram of groundwater in the study area.
Fig. 3.
The concentration distribution and descriptive statistics of major pollutants in the groundwater of the study area: (a) spatial distribution of fluoride (F
⁻
); (b)
spatial distribution of nitrate (NO
₃⁻
); (c) spatial distribution of manganese (Mn); (d) descriptive statistics of F
⁻
, NO
₃⁻
and Mn
Fig. 4.
Water quality assessment results of the study area: (a) CEWQI assessment results; (b) distribution curve of groundwater quality; (c) probability distribution
diagram of groundwater quality.
Fig. 5.
Irrigation water quality classification diagram: (a) USSL diagram of irrigation water quality; (b) Wilocx diagram for irrigation water quality classification.
Fig. 6.
Spatial distribution characteristics of health risks of different pollutants: (a) Fluoride (F
-
); (b) Nitrate (NO
3
-
); (c) Manganese (Mn).
Fig. 7.
Predicted cumulative probability of non-cancer risk: (a) HI (F
−
) for adults; (b) HI (F
−
) for children; (c) HI (NO
3
−
) for adults; (d) (NO
3
−
) for children; (e) HI (Mn)
for adults; (f) HI (Mn) for children; (g) Sensitivity analysis of HI for adults and children.
Fig. 8.
Pollution source analysis results of the PMF model: (a) relative contribution of each factor to the chemical composition of groundwater; (b) pollution source
analysis of each sampling point.
Fig. 9.
Correlation of ions and pollution factors in groundwater.
Fig. 10.
Ionic ratios of major ions in groundwater.
Fig. 11.
Human activity factors in groundwater: (a) Diagram of the SO
4
2
−
/Ca
2
+
vs. NO
3
−
/Ca
2
+
molar ratio;(b) Diagram of the NO
3
−
/Cl
−
molar ratio vs. Cl
−
Fig. 12.
Urban groundwater clustering: (a) Consensus cumulative distribution function; (b) Delta Area plot; (c) Consensus matrix; (d) Spatial clustering partition
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