参考资料:
1.German Missions in the United States. "Immigration and Cultural Issues between Germany and its Turkish Population Remain Complex". Retrieved 29 October 2016. With a population of roughly 4 million within Germany's borders, Turks make up Germany's largest minority demographic.
2. Horrocks & Kolinsky 1996, 17.
3. "Erste internationale Studie zur Wertewelt der Deutschen, Deutsch-Türken und Türken" (PDF). Liljeberg. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
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6.Nielsen, Jørgen (2004), Muslims in Western Europe, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 2–3, ISBN 0-7486-1844-9
7.Wilson, Peter H. (2016), Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire, Harvard University Press, p. 151, ISBN 0674058097
8. Otto Bardon (ed.), Friedrich der Grosse (Darmstadt, 1982) p. 542. Blanning, "Frederick The Great" in Scott (ed.) Enlightment Absolutism pp. 265-288. Christopher Clark, The Iron Kingdom (London 2006), p. 252-3.
9.Nathans 2004, 242.
10.Barbieri 1998, 29.
11.Lucassen 2005, 148-149.
12.Findley 2005, 220.
13. Horrocks & Kolinsky 1996, 89.
14.Moch 2003, 187.
15."Immigration: Survey Shows Alarming Lack of Integration in Germany". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
16."A Study says Turks are Germany's worst integrated immigrants". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
17. "PKK: Unterschätzt die Politik eine Terror-Organisation? - WELT".
18."The Welfare Use of Immigrants and Natives in Germany: The Case of Turkish Immigrants" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2017.
19.Hew Strachan, The First World War: Volume I: To Arms. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 2003) pp 644-93.
20.Gerard E. Silberstein, "The Central Powers and the Second Turkish Alliance, 1915." Slavic Review 24.1 (1965): 77-89. in JSTOR
21. Frank G. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914-1918 (Cornell University Press, 1970).
22.Allied Relations and Negotiations With Turkey, US State Department, pp. 6-8