外刊精读专栏回归啦。我们今天来学习《经济学人》中国专栏一篇关于垃圾分类的报道。
"垃圾分类"也是7月引起全网讨论的一大热门话题。想起来月初的时候,我还在上海,跟朋友谈起我要去北京的事,他们都调侃说:“你不会是为了躲避垃圾分类吧!”
日剧《轮到你了》也因为剧中有一个角色天天督促邻居垃圾分类,而被网友戏称为“垃圾分类宣传片”。
《经济学人》又是如何报道这一政策呢?我们一起来读一读。原文比较长,我挑选了第一、二段进行分析,和以往一样,我们不会局限于文本内容,而是会在文章的基础上进行扩展,一如既往地干货满满。
大家先阅读原文,有读不懂的地方不要紧,后面会有详细的讲解。
“What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally provoke anger, but in Shanghai it has elicited weary groans over the past week. On July 1st the city introduced stringent trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for the country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance (and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.) Violators face the prospect of fines and worse.
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9m tonnes of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift through the waste, plucking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China churns out 80bn pairs of disposable chopsticks a year.
第一段引入话题:上海开始实施严格的垃圾分类规定。
①
“What kind of rubbish are you?”
②
This question
might
normally
provoke anger
,
but
in Shanghai it has
elicited
weary
groans
over the past week.
-
provoke
指“激起,引起”
(to
cause
a particular reaction or have a particular effect)
,比如某事引起愤怒:
provoke anger/outrage/fury
,某事引起争议:
sth provokes controversy
,某事引起广泛的批评:
sth provokes widespread criticism
。
-
派生的形容词
provocative
[prəˈvɑkətɪv]
有两层含义:
-
elicit
与
provoke
为同义替换,也是指“引起”,体现出作者用词之丰富。近义表达还有
spark
,
trigger
,
arouse
,
cause
等。
-
weary
指“疲倦的,疲惫的”
(very tired, especially after you have been working hard or doing sth for a long time)
,比
tired
的语气更重。
-
groan
指“抱怨,发牢骚”,
既可作名词也可作动词,比如
Parents were beginning to
groan about
the price of college tuition.
父母们开始抱怨大学的学费太贵。我们可以用
groan about sth
替换掉
complain about sth
,表示“抱怨某事”。
-
外刊中常见的表示“抱怨”的动词还有:
moan and groan about sth, gripe about sth, grumble about sth, lament sth, bemoan sth,大家可以联系起来记忆。
-
我们可以从②句中提炼出一个先让步后转折的句型:
might/may …, but…
或许
…
,但是
…
。
-
我们都知道情态动词
might
与
may
有
“可能,也许”的意思,因而暗含让步的意味,常与
but
连用,表示尽管某事或许是事实,但与其不同或相反的事也是事实。我们在2018年的精读社学过《经济学人》里面一篇书评,其中有这样一段话:
-
We
may
be materially richer, some will protest,
but
aren’t we less happy because we know that others have even more? We
may
have supercomputers in our pockets,
but
aren’t they causing an epidemic of loneliness among the young?
我们在物质上也许确实是更富有了,但我们不也因为知道其他人比我们更富有,而变得更不快乐吗
?
我们口袋里或许揣着超级电脑,可它们不也使孤独如流行病般在年轻人中蔓延吗
?
-
作者在两句话中都先用
may
让步,再用
but
引出真正要表达的论点。我们再举两个简单的例子:
-
He
may
be a good father
but
he’s a terrible husband.
他或许是一位好父亲,但却是个很糟糕的丈夫。
-
They
might
not have two cents to rub together,
but
at least they have a kind of lifestyle that is different.
他们也许穷得叮当响,但他们至少拥有一种不同的生活方式。
-
大家在以后在写作文时也可以用
might/may...but...
句式替换
although....
来让步和转折。
③
On July 1st the city introduced
stringent
trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for the country.
-
the city
指代①句中
Shanghai
,既避免了重复用词,也紧密地衔接了上下文。我们以前也讲过,中英文的一大差异是英文讲究变化,中文讲究统一,所以当我们在用英文写作时,要注意使用同义替换、代词或者省略等方法避免重复。
-
stringent
指“严厉的,严格的”,与
strict
,
tough
相近,常用于形容法律、规章、标准等等。与之相反,形容词
lenient
指“宽松的,宽容的”。
-
trash-sorting regulations
指“垃圾分类条例”,
trash-sorting
是合成的形容词,来自于动词短语
sort trash
分类垃圾。
sort
作动词,指“分类”。
-
model
指“模范,榜样”。
model
作名词还可表示“模特儿”,“模型”,同时也可作动词,表示“做模特儿”,“制作模型”,比如
Claire modelled for a few years when she was in her twenties.
克莱尔在二十几岁时做过几年模特儿。
④
Residents must
divide
their waste
into
four separate categories and
toss
it into specific public bins.
⑤
They must
do so
at scheduled times
,
when monitors are present to
ensure compliance
(and to
inquire into
the nature of one’s rubbish.)
⑥
Violators
face the prospect of
fines and worse.
-
divide sth into sth
指“把
…
分成
…
”,与
sort sth into sth
为同义替换,这句话也可写作:
Residents must sort their waste into four separate categories.
-
waste
与上文中的
trash, rubbish
为同义替换,都可指“垃圾”。哪四类呢?
-
toss
指“扔,抛”,比如抛硬币:
toss a coin
。
toss
还有“翻转”的意思,短语
toss and turn
则表示“辗转反侧”,比如我一晚上在床上辗转反侧,睡不着觉,用英文可以说
I couldn't sleep but kept
tossing and turning
in bed all night.
-
schedule
作名词指“日程安排”,比如
China daily
便把
996
工作制译为
the "996"
schedule。
-
schedule
作动词指“安排,预订”,文中
at scheduled times
即“规定的时间”。
-
monitors
这里指的就是收垃圾的环卫阿姨/叔叔们。
-
inquire into sth
指“查究,调查”
(If you inquire into something, you investigate it carefully)
,呼应段首环卫阿姨的灵魂拷问What kind of rubbish are you 。
-
compliance
[kəmˈplaɪəns]
指“服从,遵守”
(when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand)
,惯用词组
ensure compliance
指确保人们遵守规定。
-
动词形式为
comply
,
comply with sth
表示“遵守
…
”,比如遵守规定:
comply with the regulations
。近义表达还有
obey sth
,
observe sth
,
abide by sth
等。
-
形容词形式为
compliant
[kəmˈplɑɪ.ənt]
指“顺从的,百依百顺的”
(willing to obey or to agree to other people's wishes and demands)
。
-
nature
指“种类”,
the nature of one’s rubbish
即“垃圾的种类”。
-
violator
指违反规则的人。
-
prospect
许多同学比较熟悉它表示“前景”的意思,除此之外,
prospect
还常用来表示“可能性”,
face the prospect of sth
便表示“面临
…
的可能性”,换句话说就是“可能会
…
”,文中
face the prospect of fines
即“可能会被罚款”。
读完讲解之后,我们再把第一段连起来再阅读一遍:
“What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally provoke anger, but in Shanghai it has elicited weary groans over the past week. On July 1st the city introduced stringent trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for the country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance (and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.) Violators face the prospect of fines and worse.
第二段阐述上海实施垃圾分类的原因。
①
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem.
②
It generates 9m tonnes of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly.
③
But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system.
-
这部分内容比较简单,有两个点需要讲解一下。一是作者在论述上海垃圾的量时除了列举数字之外,还将其与伦敦作对比,让英国的读者对数据一个直观的感受,非常具有读者意识,值得我们学习。二是小词
lack
,
lack
在这里作动词,指“没有,缺乏”。
我们可以用
lack
来表示否定,使句子更简洁。以前我们想表达没有
XX
时,第一反应是
do not have XX
,比如如果回译
③
句,很多同学可能会写成:
But like other cities in China, it
does not have
a recycling system.
这样写未尝不可,但用
lack
更加简洁。
-
我们再来看一个例子:She
does not have
the courage to kiss him.
👉
She
lacks
the courage to kiss him.
-
大家在替换使用时要注意两者的细微区别,do not have 表示笼统的“没有”,而lack带一层“正常情况本应该有而实际没有意味”。
④
Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to
sift through
the waste,
plucking
out whatever can be reused.
⑤
This has limits.
⑥
As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work.
⑦
The waste, meanwhile, just keeps
piling up
.
⑧
China
churns out
80bn pairs of
disposable
chopsticks a year.
-
sift through
义为
“
筛查,详查,严密检查
”
(If you sift through something such as evidence, you examine it thoroughly)
,比如筛选简历:
sift through resumes
。
-
pluck
指“扯,拉,揪”,文中指将垃圾拣出来。
-
as people get ...
许多同学表达“随着人们越来越...”时,许多同学只会说As people become more and more ...,但句式as people get...更加简洁凝练,再举个例子,随着人们年龄渐长:
as people get
older, ...
-
pile up
小词
pile
的基本含义是
“
堆
”
,由其引申而出的用法非常丰富: