高血压、手足综合征和蛋白尿是抗血管生成药物最常见的不良反应。在阿帕替尼治疗晚期胃癌的Ⅱ期临床试验中,患者对阿帕替尼的耐受性整体较好。不良反应的发生率超
过5% ,常见的不良反应为手足综合征、高血压、蛋白尿、血小板减少、贫血、乏力及转氨酶升高。其中最常见的3~4级不良反应为高血压。在每Et 850 mg阿帕替尼组中高血压的
发生率为8.51% ,而在每日2次425 mg阿帕替尼组中,高血压的发生率为10.86%。乏力较为常见,在安慰剂组、每日850 mg阿帕替尼组、每日2次425 mg阿帕替尼组中的发生率分别为10.4%、17%、15.2%,而其中3-4级乏力的发生率为2%。蛋白尿的发生率和其他VEGFR拮抗剂的研究报道相似,仅有4%的接受阿帕替尼治疗的患者出现3级蛋白尿,其中无1例患者出现肾小球性肾炎。血液学毒性发生率低,无1例患者出现3~4级骨髓抑制。整体来看,每日850mg阿帕替尼组的不良反应发生率较每日2次425 mg阿帕替尼组低。因此,在阿帕替尼治疗胃癌的临床应用专家共识中,推荐阿帕替尼850 mg,每日1次,当出现-4级不良反应时,暂停用药,待不良反应恢复至1级时,调整药物剂量至每日750 mg,如症状仍无明显缓解,调整剂量至每日500 mg。阿帕替尼用于肺癌、乳腺癌等肿瘤治疗时的不良反应,与其在治疗晚期胃癌时出现的不良反应类似,其安全性确定。
阿帕替尼作为新型VEGFR的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、转移以及小血管生成等方面已展现出良好的疗效,在多种实体肿瘤中已展现其优越性,尤其是作为晚期胃癌的三线治疗已形成专家共识。但临床上仍然存在许多问题和局限性:哪些人群使用阿帕替尼获益最大、不良反应和疗效之间是否存在正相关、与化疗联用是否能提高患者生存获益及将阿帕替尼作为二线甚至是一线用药能否提高患者生存获益等,均需要进一步密切观察和积累证据,以进一步规范阿帕替尼的使用。同时阿帕替尼除了在胃癌中的应用相对比较成熟,在其他的实体肿瘤中阿帕替尼的应用仍处于探索阶段。因此,需要我们在临床工作中继续发掘。相信经过大家的努力,阿帕替尼在实体肿瘤中一定能形成更加规范、有效的使用。
参考文献:
[1] Ding J, Chen Dai xJ et a1. Simultaneous determination of apatinib and its four major metabolites in human plasma using liquid chromatography。tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study[J]. J of chromato,2012,895(7): i08—115.
[2] Qin SK, Li J. Experts consensus on the clinical application of apatinib in gastric cancer treatment[J].Chin Clin Oncol, 2015,2O(9): 841—847.
[3] Zhao Y, Adjei AA. Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Oncologist. 2015 Jun;20(6):660-73.
[4] Roviello G, Ravelli A, Polom K, et a1.Apatinib: A novel receptor tymsine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2016,372(2): 187—191.
[5] Zhang H.Apatinib for molecular targeted therapy in tumor. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015, 9(II):6075-6081.
[6] Tian S, Quan H, Xie C, et a1. YN968D1 is a novel and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growt h factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci, 2011, 102(7): 1374—1380.
[7] Scott AJ, Messersmith WA, Jimeno A. Apatinib:a promising oral antiangiogenic agent in the treatment of multiple solid tumors. Drugs Today(Barc), 2015, 51(4): 223—229.
[8] Torte LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et a1. Global cancer statistics,2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
[9] Li K, Li J. Current Molecular Targeted Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Mechanism, Clinical Trials, and Practical Application. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:4105615.
[10] Ulahannan SV, Rahma OE, Ouffy AG, et a1. Identification of active chenmtherapy regimens in advanced biliary tract carcinoma: a review of chemotherapy trials in the past two decades. Hepat Oncol, 2015, 2(1): 39-50.
[11] Brower V. Apatinib in treatment of refractory gastric cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(4): e137.
[12] Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et a1.Global cancer statistics.CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[13] Torre LA,Siegel RL,Jemal A.Lung Cancer Statistics[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2016,893:1-19.
[14] Langer CJ,Mok T,Postmus PE.Targeted agents in the third-/fourth-line treatment of patients with advanced(stage III/IV)non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Cancer Treat Rev,2013,
39(3):252—260.
[15] Zhong A,Xiong X ,Shi M ,et a1.The eficacy and safety of pemetrexed-based doublet therapy compared to pemetrexed alone for the second-line treatnlent of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:an updated meta—analysis[J].Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015, 9: 3685-3693.
[16] Ding L, Li QJ, You KY, et a1. The use of apatinib in treating nonsmall cell lung cancer. Medicine, 2016,95(20):e3598.
[17] Siegel RL,Miller KD,Jemal A.Cancer statistics,2016[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(1):7-30.
[18] Hu X,Zhang J,Xu B,et a1.Muhicenter phase II study of apatinib,a novel VEGFR inhibitor in heavily pretreated patients withmetastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer,2014,135(8):1961—1969.