词
是可以被认知
的。
小编教《英语词汇学》的时候最喜欢"词的理据"，觉得造词的理由和依据 非 常 接 地 气。
今天给大家
拟声词集锦
（“词的理据”中的——
拟声理据；
拟声，顾名思义造词的 理由、根据 是 模拟某种声音），
并相应地
推荐
一本英国经典绘本
We are going on a bear hunt
.
地道、具体、生动，可以进行听说读写不同程度地运用，到后续写作需要多样化的词汇时，学习者才会意识到积累之重要。
本篇同样适合高年级学习者。家长们可选择性 应景地进行 可理解性输入。
Yáo的英语启蒙纪实
理据 motivation：
指 事物和现象获得名称的
依据
，说明词义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。
来源：陆国强的《现代英语词汇学》第三章——
词的理据。
分类：
-
拟声
理据 onomatopoeic motivation （分为 基本拟声 和 次要拟声）
-
语义
理据 semantic motivation
拟声理据——基本理据
基本拟声指音与义的相似，引起音与音之间的联系
如
|
猿apes gibber
['
d
ʒɪ
b
ə(
r
)]
|
asses bray
[
breɪ
]驴叫
|
|
bears growl
[graʊl]
咆哮
|
beetles drone
[drəʊn]
嗡嗡作响
|
|
cats purr
[pɜː]
猫的呜呜声
/mew
|
camels grunt
[grʌnt]
低沉的咕噜声
|
|
雄鹰
eagles scream
|
flies/bee buzz
|
|
frogs croak
[krəʊk]
呱呱叫
|
geese cackle
['kæk(ə)l]
|
|
公羊
goats bleat
[bliːt]
|
horses
neigh (snort)
马喷鼻息的声音
|
|
hens cluck
[klʌk]
|
云雀
larks
warble
['wɔːb(ə)l]
鸟鸣
|
|
lions roar
|
喜鹊
magpies chatter
|
|
老鼠mice squeak
[skwiːk]
|
猫头鹰
owls hoot (screech
[skriːtʃ]
发出恐惧或痛苦的叫喊声)
|
|
pigeons coo
|
pigs squeal (grunt)
|
|
puppies yelp
[jelp]
|
raven croak
[krəʊk]
呱呱叫
|
|
蛇
snakes hiss
[hɪs]
|
thrushes whistle
|
|
火鸡turkeys gobble
['gɒb(ə)l]
|
wolves howl
[haʊl]
|
拟声理据——次要理据
次要拟声是指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。Bloomfield 把它分为三种
1）呼吸声breath-noise 如
sniff, snuff, snore, snort马喷鼻息的声音
2) 动作的迅速分离或移动quick separation or movement，如
snip, snap（其中有一个意思是 拍快照 咔擦咔擦）, snatch
3）表示爬行creeping，如
snake, snail, sneak, snoop
等
英语中声音与动作发生联想的词很多，如
dither, tremble, dodder, toddle, quiver, slink, slither, slouch, wriggle, squirm
等
词结构——
词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑slippery的意思
，如slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge等。此外，
sl-还有某种贬义的意思
，如slattern, slut, sly, sloopy, slovenly等。
sk-
表示与表面的接触，如skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp
有些词的后半部分有象征性意
义
-ump
表示圆形体，如 plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump
-are
表示强烈的光或声，如 flare, glare, stare, blare 等
次要的拟声还包括通过元音或辅音的替换构词 重迭词 reduplicated words 或
重迭词组 reduplicated phrases
用元音替换的词
——
riff-raff
下等人
people
with a
bad
reputation
or of a
low
social
class
wishy-washy
颜色浅的；软弱无力的；优柔寡断的；不坚定的；无特色的
having no colour, firm ideas, principles, or noticeable qualities of anytype
tit for tat
以牙还牙
actions
done intentionally to
punish
other
people
because they have done something
unpleasant
to you
tick-tock
闹钟的滴答声
click-clack
用算盘计算，咔哒咔哒，哗啦哗啦
pit-a-pat
扑通扑通
ding-dong
等
利用辅音替换的词
higgledy-piggledy 乱七八糟的，杂乱无章的mixed up and in no particular order
helter-skelter 忙乱的，混乱的quickly and in all directions
namby-pamby 软弱的，愚蠢的weakly, silly or no emotionally
roly-poly 指人
圆圆胖胖的，胖墩墩的，矮胖的 (
of a person) short and round
应用
比如，很多孩子都喜欢
splash in the puddles 踩水坑~O(∩_∩)O~小编小时候也喜欢。
前阵网上不是有一篇Peppa Pig 粉红猪评价么，还表扬了温和的猪妈妈，由于在泥坑里跳来跳去弄脏的佩奇，她妈妈只是说了句“只是些泥而已”，包括踩水坑前让小猪穿好雨靴。
绘本推荐
与拟声词相关的绘本，下面这本特别经典，英国幼儿园也能看到。
作者简介
Michael Rosen
, an English poet, scriptwriter, broadcaster, and performer, has been writing for children since 1970. He lives in London with his wife and five children.^
Helen Oxenbury
is the renowned illustrator of many classic picture books, including
We?re Going on a Bear Hunt
by Michael Rosen and
The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig
by Eugene Trivizas. Ms. Oxenbury lives with her husband, illustrator John Burningham, in North London.
We Are Going on a Bear Hunt
--Retold by Michael Rosen
We're going on a bear hunt.
We're going to catch a big one.
What a beautiful day!
We're not scared.
Uh-uh! Grass!
Long wavy grass.
We can't go over it.
We can't go under it.
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Swishy swashy! Swishy swashy! Swishy swashy!
We're going on a bear hunt
Uh-uh! A river!
A deep cold river.
We can't go over it
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Splash splosh! Splash splosh! Splash splosh!
We're going on a bear hunt
Uh-uh! Mud!
Thick oozy mud.
We can't go over it
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Squelch squrch! Squelch squrch! Squelch squrch!
We're going on a bear hunt
Uh-uh! A forest!
A big dark forest.
We can't go over it
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Stumble trip! Stumble trip! Stumble trip!
We're going on a bear hunt
Uh-uh! A snowstorm!
A swirling whirling snowstorm.
We can't go over it
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Hoooo woooo! Hoooo woooo! Hoooo woooo!
We're going on a bear hunt
Uh-uh! A cave!
A narrow gloomy cave.
We can't go over it
Oh no! We've got to go through it!
Tiptoe! Tiptoe! Tiptoe! What's that
One shiny wet nose!
Two big furry ears!
Two big goggly eyes!
It's a bear!
Quick! Back through the cave!
Tiptoe! Tiptoe! Tiptoe!
Back through the snowstorm!
Hoooo wooooo!
Back through the forest!
Stumble trip! Stumble trip! Stumble trip!
Back through the mud!
Squelch squerch! Squelch squerch!
Back through the river!
Splash splosh! Splash splosh! Splash splosh!
Back through the grass!
Swishy swashy! Swishy swashy! Swishy swashy!
Get to our front door.
Open the door.
Up the stairs.
Oh no! We forgot to shut the door.
Back downstairs.
Shut the door.
Back upstairs.
Into the bedroom.
Into bed. Under the covers.
We're not going on a bear hunt again.
我们要去捉狗熊
我们要去捉狗熊，
我们要捉一只大大的。
天气这么好，
没什么好怕的！
哎哟，野草！
高大摇摆的野草。
上面飞不过，
下面钻不透。
天啊！只好硬头皮向前走。
窸窸窣窣！
窸窸窣窣！
窸窸窣窣！
我们要去捉狗熊，
我们要捉一只大大的。
天气这么好，
没什么好怕的！
哎哟，河水！
又凉又深地河水。
上面飞不过，
下面钻不透。
天啊！只好硬着头皮向前走。
